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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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Habituation
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an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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Associative Learning
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learning that certain events occur together
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Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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behaviorism
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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
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Unconditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
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unconditioned stimulus
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response
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conditioned response
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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acquisition
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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when no one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so the the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
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higher order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
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extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of extinguished conditioned response
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generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elict similar responses
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal anunconditioned stimulus
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learned helplessness
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the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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law of effect
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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operant chamber
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar o key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
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shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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discriminative stimulus
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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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negative reinforcement
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increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as a shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is NOT a punishment)
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcer stimulus
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conditioned reinforcer
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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fixed-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed
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variable-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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insight
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a sudden and ofter novel realization of the solution to a problem
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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observational learning
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learning by observing others
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive,helpful behavior
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