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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two greek words that are put together to for "psychology"?
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Psyche, meaning the soul, and logos, referring to the study of a subject
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What is the definition of "psychology" given in the 18th Century?
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"the study of the mind"
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Which psychologist mounted a campaign to make psychology an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of philosophy or physiology?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Who established the first formal laboratory for research in psychology at the University of Leipzig?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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According to Wundt, what is psychology's primary focus?
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The consciousness
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Define: Consciousness
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The awareness of immediate experience
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Who established America's first research laboratory?
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G. Stanley Hall
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Who launched America's first psychology journal?
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G. Stanley Hall
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Who established the American Psychology Association and was elected as its first president?
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G. Stanley Hall
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Who led the Structuralism movement?
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Edward Titchener
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What school of thought was based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related?
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Structuralism
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What is the "careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience"?
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Introspection
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What school of thought was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure?
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Functionalism
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Who was the chief impetus for the emergence of functionalism?
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William James
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Who came up with the concept of "natural selection"?
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Charles Darwin
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What is the principle that heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time
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Natural selection
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What is the technique by which a person writes down their continuous flow of thoughts?
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Stream of consciousness
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Who was the most important person studying Behaviorism?
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John B. Watson
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Definition: a theoretical orientation based ont he premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
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Behaviorism
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Definition: any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism
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Behavior
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Name of argument where it is debated if behavior is determined by genetic inheritance or by environment and experience.
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Definition: any detectable input from the environment
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Stimulus
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Leader of the psychoanalytic branch of psychology
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Sigmund Freud
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Definition: it contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exerts great influence on behavior
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unconcious
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This theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
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Psychoanalytic theory
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Definition: A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
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Humanism
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Definition: An individual's sense of self
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Self-concept
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What is the name for the branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems?
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Applied psychology
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What is the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?
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Clinical psychology
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Definition: mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
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Cognition
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Definition: The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways
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Ethnocentrism
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What is the branch of psychology that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations?
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Evolutionary psychology
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What is the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems?
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Psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that looks at human development across a life span?
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Developmental psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that focuses on interpersonal behavior?
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Social psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that encompasses the traditional core of topics that were focused heavily on first half-century sciences?
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Experimental psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior and the role of many organs in the regulation of behavior?
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Physiological psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that focuces on higher mental processes?
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Cognitive psychology
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What is the branch of psychology that is interested in describing and understanding individuals' consistency in behavior?
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Personality
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What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities
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Psychometrics
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What is the branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders?
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Psychiatry
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Definition: the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
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Empiricism
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Definition: a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
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Theory
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Definition: the widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations
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Culture
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Definition: the use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome
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Critical thinking
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Definition: a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
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Hypothesis
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Definition: any measurable conditions, events, characteristics or behaviors
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Variables
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Definition: It describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
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Operational definition
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Definition: the persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study
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Participants (or subjects)
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What is the name of the technique in which procedures for making empirical observations and measurements?
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Data collection techniques
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Definition: A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry
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journal
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Definition: differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies
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Research methods
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What is a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result?
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Experiment
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A condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
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Independent variable
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the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
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Dependent variable
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Group that consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
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Experimental group
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Group that consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group
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Control group
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Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
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Extraneous variable
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Two variables linked together in a way that is difficult to sort out their specific event
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Confounding variable
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All subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study
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Random assignment
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When a research engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects
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Naturalistic observation
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An in-depth investigation of an individual subject
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Case study
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Researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior
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Survey
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The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data
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Statistics
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The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores
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Median
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The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution
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Mean
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The most frequent score in a distribution
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Mode
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How much the scores in a data set vary from one each other and from the mean
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Variability
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Index of the amount of variability in a set of data
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Standard deviation
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When two variables are related to each other
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Correlation
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A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
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Correlation coefficient
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When the dependent variable increases while the independent also increases
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positive correlation
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When the dependent variable decreases while the independent variable increases
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Negative correlation
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Type of statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions
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Inferential statistics
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When the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low
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Statistical significance
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The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated
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Replication
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This combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effect
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Meta-analysis
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The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study
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Sample
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The much larger collection of animals or people (from which the sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about
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Population
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When a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
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Sampling bias
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When participants' expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
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Placebo effect
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A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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Social desirability bias
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a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of questions
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Response set
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When a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
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Experimenter bias
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A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups
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Double-blind procedure
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