Ap Psychology Exam Review

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the science that studies behavior and cognition of organisms

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psychology

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knowledge comes from experience via the sense and science flourishes through observation and experiment

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empiricism

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school in psych that used introspection to explore the human mind

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structuralism

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school in psych that focussed on how mental and behavioral processes function - how organisms adapt, survive, and flourish

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functionalism

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tendency to believe after learning an outcome that you would have foreseen it

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hindsight bias

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repeating a research study to see if the findings will be the same with different participants and circumstances

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replication

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tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

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false consensus effect

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a blank substance used in experiments

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placebo

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to understand behavior one must examine how people think, acquire, store, and process information

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cognitive

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only observable behaviors can be studied

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behavioral

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humans are free rational beings with the potential for personal growth

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humanistic

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our functioning can be explained by the workings of the brain and nervous system

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biological

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unconscious motives and experiences or internal conflicts determines behavior, personality, and mental disorders

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psychodynamic

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behavior is influenced by social or cultural systems

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socio-cultural

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behavior and internal processes are adapted for survival; natural selection favors behavior that enhance reproductive success

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evolutionary

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logic comes from experience

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Soctates

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denied existence of innate ideas, heart is the seat of the mental process

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Aristotle

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believed in innate ideas; brain is the seat of the mental process

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Plato

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insisted that the mind is a blank slate; stressed empiricism over speculation

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John Locke

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father of PSYCHOLOGY, founder of the first psych lab at University of Lepzig, Germany

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William Wundt

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founder of structuralism (use introspection)

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Edward Titchener

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author of THE PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGY

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William James

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father of BEHAVIORISM

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John Watson

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father of PSYCHOANALYSIS, wrote "Interpretation of Dreams"

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Sigmund Freud

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German neurologist that showed damage to the left temporal lobe disrupts the ability to comprehend language

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Carl Wernicke

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French physician who showed the left frontal lobe as critical for the production of lanugage

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Paul Broca

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father of OPERANT CONDITIONING

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B.F. Skinner

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father of observational learning and publishes social learning theory; Bobo doll experiment

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Albert Bandura

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Studies with perception of cats placed into a cylinder with horizontal or vertical lines; cats were unable to see the opposite line

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Cooper and Blakemore

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proposed the law of effect and performed classical conditioning experiments on cats in puzzle boxes

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E.L. Thorndike

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father of classical conditioning; experiments with dogs salivation

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Ivan Pavlov

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father of HYPNOSIS

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Franz Mesmer

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massive damage to frontal lobe when a rod pierced his brain leaving perfect memory and intellect but altered his personality

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Phineas Gage

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first female President of the APA; studies with memory

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Mary Calkins

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fist female to receive a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell)

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Margaret Washburn

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father of MEMORY

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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published Gestalt theory

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Wolfgang Kohler

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study of paranormal phenomena

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parapsychology

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explored how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

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human factors psychology

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studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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clinical psychology

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applies psych concepts/methods to optimize human behavior in the workplace

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industrial psychology

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investigates memory, thinking, reasoning, language, and decision making

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cognitive psychology

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assists individuals in dealing with personal problems that do not involve mental distorders

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counseling psychology

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idea/claim that bumps on the skull reveals our mental abilities and character traits

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phrenology

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experimental factor that can be manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied; "if" part of the hypothesis

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independent variable