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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consciousness |
our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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circadian rhythm |
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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REM sleep |
a recurring sleep stage which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active |
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alpha waves |
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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hallucinations |
false sensory experiences |
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sleep |
periodic, natural loss of consciousness-- not coma, anesthesia, or hibernation |
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delta waves |
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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NREM sleep |
encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
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insomnia |
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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narcolepsy |
uncontrollable sleep attacks; sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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sleep apnea |
temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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night terrors |
high arousal and appearance of being terrified; occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered |
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dream |
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. notable for hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and the delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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manifest content |
(freud) the remembered story line of a dream |
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latent content |
(freud) underlying meaning of a dream |
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REM rebound |
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivations |
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hypnosis |
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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posthypnotic suggestion |
suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer under hypnosis; used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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dissociation |
a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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psychoactive drug |
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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tolerance |
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug |
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withdrawal |
the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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physical dependence |
a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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psychological dependence |
a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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addiction |
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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depressents |
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions |
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barbiturates |
drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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opiates |
opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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stimulants |
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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amphetamines |
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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methamphetamine |
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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ecstasy (mdma) |
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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hallucinogens |
psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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LSD |
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
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near-death experience |
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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THC |
the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, inducing mild hallucinations |
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The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was... |
behaviorism |
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by 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in |
mental processes |
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Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of |
neuroadaption |
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How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep |
The SCN causes the pineal gland to increase melatonin |
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With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop...this is associated with |
circadian rhythm |
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The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during stage 2 sleep |
sleep spindles |
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Hypnagogic sensations happen when |
stage 1 |
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sleeptalking occurs when |
stage 4 |
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large, slow waves |
delta waves |
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The brain waves associated with REM sleep are similar to those of |
stage 1 |
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Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote |
obesity |
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Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces what? |
free radicals |
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slow wave sleep promotes what |
effective memory |
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obesity is a risk factor for developing which of the following sleep disorders |
sleep apnea |
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nightmares are to ___ as night terrors are to ___ |
REM sleep; stage 4 sleep |
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which of the following is true of night terrors |
they occur during stage 4 |
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according to freud, the latent content refers to |
its underlying but censored meaning |
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some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with rem sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation. this finding supports which of the following dream theories |
physiological |
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brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience |
rem sleep |
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the activation-synthesis theory explains why |
people often experience sudden visual images during rem sleep |