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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SKELETAL SYSTEM-FUNCTIONS
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SUPPORT –framework for muscles
LEVERAGE –movement produced, forces generated BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION –hematopoiesis in bone marrow STORAGE –calcium, phosphate, lipids PROTECTION –skull, rib cage, vertebrae |
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TISSUE COMPONENTS
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–connective: hard, cleanse matrix + cells
MATRIX COMPONENT =water, collagen, mineral salts. Calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide + calcium carbonate CELL TYPES –osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes OSTEOGENIC –immature-develop into blasts OSTEOBLASTS –capable of building matrix OSTEOCLASTS –capable of removing matrix OSTEOCYTES –mature bone cell |
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SHAPES/TYPES/EXAMPLES
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LONG –shaft(diaphysis) + ends(epiphysis). Yellow marrow in shaft, red marrow in ends. Ex. femur, tibia
SHORT –cube shaped/box-like. Ex. Carpals(wrist), tarsals(ankle) FLAT –parallel surfaces(compact) separated by thin(spongy) area IRREGULAR –unusual shape, notched, ridged, projections. Ex. Vertebrae, some skull bones SUTURAL/WORMIAN –extra bones develop in suture areas between skull bones SESAMOID –small, flat. Develop inside tendons, usually a joint. Ex. Patella(knee cap) |
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BONE TEXTURE/LOCATION
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COMPACT –relatively dense(80% of skeleton). Haversian system. Walls of long bones
HAVERSIAN SYSTEM –Haversian canal, canaliculi, lacuna with osteocyte SPONGY/CANCELLOUS –expanded ends of long bones, Matrix forms “struts” or “trabeculae”, distributes force, reduces bone weight, associated with red blood marrow TRABECULAE –matrix forms this |
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PROTECTION
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PERIOSTEUM –fibrous connective tissue covering outside the bone. Acts as attachment surface for tendon tissue
ENDOSTEUM –layer of cells lining marrow cavity. Some epithelium, future bone cells, osteoclasts + osteoblasts |
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DEPOSITION/OSSIFICATION
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–bone formation.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS –osteoblasts mature in a fibrous connective tissue. Ex. Skull roof, mandible(lower jaw) ENDOCHONDRAL –majority of bone deposited in this manner. Replacement of cartilage model by bone tissue. Ex. Long bones, ribs.growth at epiphyseal plates allows for length grow till maturity |
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BONE DIVISIONS
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AXIAL –(80 total) skull, face, vertebrae. Skull: (22 total), Cranium(8)- occipital(1), parietal(2), frontal(1), temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid…….
APPENDICULAR –(126 total)……. WHICH PORTION FOR A PARTICULAR BONE |
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REMODELING/REGULATION
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–interplay between osteoclasts + osteoblasts
NUTRITION VIT D –required for proper absorption of Ca VIT C –for production of collagen VIT K -+ B12 for protein synthesis VIT A –stimulates osteoblasts EXERCISE –stress strengthens |
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HORMONES/FUNCTIONS
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GSH –(growth stimulating hormone)
SEX HORMONES –(estrogen +testosterone) T3 + T4 –thyroid. Stimulate osteoblasts CALCITONIN –thyroid. Ca moved from blood/body to bone PARATHORMONE –parathyroid. Ca moved from bone to blood/body |
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REMODELING PROCESS
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BALANCE OF
OSTEOCLASTS/BLASTS |
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DEFICIENCIES
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OSTEOMALACIA –deficiency of vitamin D, poor mineralization in adults, bone retains shape but is weak and flexible due to poor mineralization
RICKETS –osteomalcia in kids, poor mineralization(diet), weak bones “bow” under growing weight OSTEOPOROSIS –reduced bone mass, occurs with aging, occurs with aging/estrogen, inadequate ossification, bones weaken + break easily OSTEOSARCOMA –malignant tumor of bone tissue OSTEOARTHRITIS –articular cartilage degenerates, bone grates on bone |
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FRACTURES
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STAGES
HEMATOMA –breaking of bone also damages blood vessels CALLUS –mitotic activity of cells in peristeum + endosteum enlarge area REFORMED BONE –osteoclasts + osteoblasts reform bone into usual shape COMPLETE INCOMPLETE SIMPLE COMPOUND COMMINUTED GREENSTICKA –broken on one side, bends on other. Common in children. COLLE’S –radius end fractured POTT’S –fibula end(ankle)broken TRANSVERSE –fracture across the axis SPIRAL –bone twists OBLIQUE –fracture slanted to axis |
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JOINTS/ARTICULATIONS
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–bone + bone connection, bone + cartilage connection, bone + teeth connection
ARTHROLOGY -science SYNARTHROSIS/ACTION NON-MOVING SUTURE –DWFCT between bones GOMPHOSIS –fibrous ligament, immovable, between teeth in bony socket SYNCHONDROSIS –epiphyseal plate between diaphysis + epiphysis of long bones(cartilage) SYNOSTOSIS –immovable connection, epipyseal plate converts to epiphyseal |
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AMPHIARTHROSIS
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SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE
SYMPHYSIS –fibrocartilage between, connection between 2 pubic bones, intervertebral disc between vertabrae SYNDESMOSIS –bones connected by ligament, tibia + fibula connection |
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DIARTHROSIS
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FREELY MOVEABLE
SYNOVIAL JOINT SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE SYNOVIAL FLUID ARTICULAR CARTILAGE BURSA MENISCUS |
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MOVEMENTS/EXAMPLES
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FLEXION –reduces angle at an axis
EXTENSION –increases angle HYPEREXTENSION ABDUCTION –movement away from longitudinal axis(midpoint) ADDUCTION –movement towards…. ROTATION –movement about a pivot point CIRCUMDUCTION –distal end forms a cone shape about a fixed point PRONATION –palms move down SUPINATION –palms move up INVERSION –sole of foot inwards EVERSION –sole of foot outwards PLANTAR FLEXION –point toes DORSIFLEXION –bring toes up(rock back on heels) ELEVATION –raising a body part DEPRESSION –lowering a body part PROTRACTION –forward movement of a part RETRACTION –thumb touches other fingers OPPOSITION REPOSITION |
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MUSCLE SYSTEM-FUNCTIONS
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MOVEMENT –within the body
POSTURE/POSITION SUPPORT –soft tissue CONTROL OF OPENINGS –guard entrances + exits TEMPERATURE REGULATION –maintain body temperature |
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CHARACTERISTICS
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EXCITABILITY –able to respond to chemicals
CONDUCTIVITY –able to propagate electrical signals CONTRACTILITY –able to shorten EXTENSABILITY –able to be stretched ELASTICITY –able to return to original shape |
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MUSCLE TYPES
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SMOOTH MUSCLE –nonstriated/involuntary . Ex. Arrector pili, walls of digestive
CARDIAC MUSCLE –striated/involuntary. Ex. Heart muscle SKELETAL MUSCLE –striated/voluntary. Ex. Attached to bone STRIATED/NONSTRIATED VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY |
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MUSCLE FIBER
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= CELL
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ANATOMY
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EPIMYSIUM –(wraps whole muscle)
WHOLE MUSCLE PERIMYSIUM –(wraps bundles) MUSCLE FASICLE –(bundles of 10-100 fibers) ENDOMYSIUM -(wraps 1 muscle cell) MUSCLE FIBER –(cell), long cylindrical, multinucleated SARCOLEMMA –(membrane) SARCOPLASM –(cytoplasm) SARCOPLASM RETICULUM –(stores CA++) MITOCHONDRIA GLYCOGEN –energy production MYOGLOBIN –oxygen storage MYOFIBRILS –thread-like, separated by SR MYOFILAMENTS –thin(actin protein), thick(myosin protein), contractive proteins of muscle ACTIN –thin filaments, anchored at Z lines, contains binding sites for myosin, associated with tropomyosin and troponin TROPIN -3 globular units. 1 binds to tropomyosin, 1 binds to actin, 1 binds to calcium TROPOMYOSIN –long strands that cover the binding site of actin + attach to tropnin MYOSIN –thick bands, club like formation, head extend outward to form “cross bridges” HEADS/TAILS LIGHT BANDS (I BANDS) DARK BANDS (A BANDS) Z BANDS SARCOMERE –thick and thin filaments overlap. Create |
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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
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= MYONEURAL JUNCTION
MOTOR END PLATE –specialized surface of muscle fiber, invaginated with synaptic cleft, surfaceof muscular fiber contains membrane receptors for ACh |
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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ACETYCHOLINE
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MOTOR NEURON
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DENDRITES
CELL BODY AXON AXONAL ENDINGS |
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RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
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NEGATIVE INSIDE
POSITIVE OUTSIDE |
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ACTION POTENTIAL
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MOVING REVERSAL OF CHARGES
SODIUM INTO CELL MUSCLE CONTRACTION SEQUENCE OF EVENTS |
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“SLIDING FILAMENT” THEORY
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CROSS BRIDGES BETWEEN ACTIN BINDING SITES + MYOSIN HEADS
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MOTOR UNIT
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–somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates(@150), “all or none” principle: if action potential is sufficient the muscle fiber will contract
NEURON + ALL MUSCLE FIBERS “ALL OR NONE” LAW |
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FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION
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# OF FIBERS STIMULATED
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MUSCLE ACTION
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TWITCH –single stimulus-contraction-relaxation phases
LATENT PHASE- lag time after application of stimulus CONTRACTION PHASE –tension in the muscle is produced as filaments interlock RELAXATION PHASE –calcium levels fall, cross bridges detach REFRACTORY PERIOD –time frame following relaxation, loss of excitability=no response, time varies with muscle types |
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TETANUS
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(graphs)
INCOMPLETE –wave summation: stimuli occurs, only partially relaxed before next stimuli COMPLETE –wave summation:muscle stimulated faster, no relaxation, sustained contraction(no twitches detected) |
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VOCABULARY
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ORIGIN –sternocleidomastoid, stylohoid
INSERTION –sternocleidomastoid, stylohoid BODY TENDON |
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS –coordination, maintains homeostasis, body movements, sensory perception
COORDINATION –activities of organ systems HOMEOSTASIS RECEIVE INCOMING/SENSORY INTERPRETATION/INTEGRATIVE RESPOND/MOTOR/MOVEMENTS |
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COMPONENTS NERVOUS SYSTEM
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CNS –central nervous system
BRAIN –processes sensory data and motor commands SPINAL CORD –processes sensory data and motor commands PERIPERAL SYSTEM –PNS, all neural tissue outside CNS, delivers info to CNS, carries motor commands to tissues and other syatems CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM –SNS, carries sensory data(afferent) from body to the CNS, carries motor(efferent) responses from CNS to skeletal muscles/body(voluntary) AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM –ANS, involuntary action, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic SYMPATHETIC –(fight or flight) PARASYMPATHETIC –(rest and digest) ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM –ENS, “brain of the gut”, in enteric plexus(GI tract), monitor chemical changes in GI tract(sensory), control contractions of GI smooth muscles(motor) secretions of the GI tract |
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CELL TYPES
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NEUROGLIAL CELLS –generally smaller then neurons, do not transmit action potentials, capable of mitosis, found in both CNS and PNS, varied functions/different apperances:astrocytes, ollgodenrocytes, microglia, ependymal, schwann cells, satellite
OLIGODENDRITES –smaller than astrocytes, fewer processes, processes contract neuron surfaces and wrap around ASTROCYTES – star shaped, many processes, largest size of glial cells, MICROGLIA CELLS –small cells with spine like projections, phagocytosis:remove debris, pathogens + damaged cells EPENDYMAL CELLS –cuboidal to columnar in shape, form single layer lining the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, produce + help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) SCHWANN CELLS –wrap + sheath axons of PNS, forms mylin sheath, gaps between(nodes of ranvier) SATELLITE CELLS –surround PNS ganglia, provide support, regulate exchange of material between cell body and fluid surrounding |
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NEURONS
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–transmits nerve impulses(action potentials)
UNIPOLAR –cell body lies off to one side, one extension, separates into 2 branches(acts as dendrite +axon), common in ganglia of nerves BIPOLAR -2 extensions, 1 dendrite + 1 axon, common in special senses(eye, ear) MULTIPOLAR –many extensions, several dendrites + 1axon, common in the brain +spinal cord DENDRITES CELL BODY NISSL BODIES AXON AXON TELODENDRIA AXON COLLATERALS NEUROTRANSMITTERS RESTING POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL –reverse charges move, from dendrites-cell body-axon, axon telodendria releas neurotransmitters LOCATION OF CHARGES |
