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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
T/F. A physiological buffer is a system, namely the digestive system, that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2.
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False
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Select the ways in which the kidneys buffer hydrogen ions before they are eliminated via the urine. (Check all that apply). - bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+. -Na2PO4 (dibasis sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. -Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. -there is a great deal of chloride in the tubular fluid, so H+ is excreted as hydrochloric acid (HCl). |
- Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the tubular fluid neutralize H+ - Na2Po4 (dibasic sodium phosphate) reacts with some of the H+, replacing one of the sodium ions in the buffering process. -Tubule cells catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia (NH3) where it acts as a base to neutralize acid. |
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Place the occurances in order to describe the regulation of rehydration beginning with someone who is dehydration. -sense of thirst -renin release -dehydration -ingestion of water -moistens mouth and distends stomach -reduced plasma volume and blood pressure -angiotensin II stimulation of hypothalamus -plasma volume elevates -Angiotensin I conversion to angiotensinII -angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I |
-dehydration -reduced plasma volume and blood pressure -renin release -angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I -angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II -Angiotensin II simulation of hypothalamus -sense of thirst -ingestion of water -moistens mouth and distends stomach -plasma volume elevates |
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Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body. causes water retention. |
-ADH secretion -renin release -hyperkalemia -dry mouth -ingestion of water |
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Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body. causes water loss |
-exercise in a warm climate -increased blood pressure -decreased renal tubular reabsorption of water -aldosterone hyposecretion -hyponatremia |
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. Intake: 200mL |
metabolic water
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. Intake: 700mL |
food
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. Intake: 1600mL |
drink
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. output: 300ml |
expired air
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. output: 400mL |
cutaneous transpiration
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. output: 200mL |
feces
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. output: 100mL |
sweat
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Place the following into the amount per day it represents and whether it is an intake or output of water. output: 1500mL |
urine
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What items would be found in the ECF?
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gamma globulins plasma CSF renal filtrate |
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What items would be found in intracellular fluid?
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-mitochondria -endoplasmic reticulum -nuclei -phagolysosome |
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Identify the most accurate cause or outcome of the situation described on each label. Results from ADH release |
-reduction in urine volume -increased water reabsorption -increased aquaporin production -drinking water |
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Identify the most accurate cause or outcome of the situation described on each label. Stimulates ADH released |
-Increased blood osmolarity -reduction in total body water |
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During periods of declining water levels, blood volume decreases causing a decline in blood pressure. This is referred to as __________________.
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hypotension
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Low blood pressure causes the kidney to increase the secretion of ________ from the JG cells.
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renin
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The activation of __________________ stimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.
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angiotensin II
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Aldosterone acts on the ______ of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the tubular fluid.
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DCT
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The release of ______ directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate.
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ADH
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The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH, cooperatively are an ____________ in blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume
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increase
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1. Dehydration can lead to _______ blood osmolality. 2. This state will stimulate _________ osmoreceptors. 3. This stimulation will lead to reduce _________ and the sense of thirst. 4. Through _________ of water a negative feedback system is completed. |
1. increased 2. hypothalamic 3. salivation 4. ingestion |
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1. Antidiuretic hormone provides a means of controlling water ________. 2. The increased osmolarity of the blood stimulates the hypothalamus to stimulate the ______ pituitary to release ADH. 3. ADH will work on the kidneys to ___________ water into the blood stream. 4. A negative feedback system is used until the blood _________ and osmolarity return to normal levels. |
1. output 2. posterior 3. reabsorb 4. volume |
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label indicates a cause or effect of aldosterone secretion. stimulates release of aldosterone |
-hypotension -hyponatremia -hyperkalemia -higher concentration of K+ in the ECF |
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label indicates a cause or effect of aldosterone secretion. Result of aldosterone release. |
-increased production of DCT sodium- potassium ATPase pumps -increased sodium reabsorption -increased potassium secretion -higher urine concentration. |
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Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte. -It is essential in the depolarization that underlies nerve and muscle function. -It is the most significant solute in determining TBW -aldosterone, ADH and ANP help regulate its concentrations -it is the principle cation of the ECF -controlling its concentration is tied to its effects on blood pressure. |
sodium
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Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte. -It is the most abundant cation of the ICF -it is an essential cofactor for protein synthesis and some other metabolic processes. -it is the greatest determinant of Intracellular osmolarity and cell volume. |
potassium
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Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte. phosphate |
-it is generated by the hydrolysis of ATP -it activates many metabolic pathways -it is important buffer |
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Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte. Chloride |
-it is the most abundant anion of the ECF -It is required for the formation of stomach acid |
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Correctly match the statements below, regarding homeostasis and function, with the appropriate electrolyte. calcium |
-it activates the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction. -it serves as a second messenger for some hormones and neurotransmitters. -it activates exocytosis of neurotransmitters and other cellular secretions. -it is an essential factor in blood clotting. -it is regulated chiefly by parathyroid hormone, calcitrol, and in children, calcitonin. |
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Plasma sodium concentrations above145 mEq/L represent ________________, a condition that rarely occurs due to equal increases in water.
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hypernatremia
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The consumption of massive amounts of water in a short time frame can produce ________________ resulting from a dilution of sodium in the ECF.
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hyponatremia
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When large qualities of potassium are released from the ICF following massive tissue trauma, ________________ results causing membrane potential to be abnormally less negative due to a reduced concentration gradient.
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hyperkalemia
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Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting, __________________ caused the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased concentration gradients.
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hypokalemia
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Hyperthyroidism can result in ________, a condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium and thus inhibits membrane depolarization.
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hypercalcemia
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Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of _________ brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle and nerve are hyperactive.
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hypocalcemia
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1. Aldosterone plays a primary in adjustment of ____ excretion. 2. Condition such as hyponatremia, hypotension, and hyperkalamia stimulate the ____________ to secrete aldosterone. 3. This in turn stimulates the renal tubules to increase reabsorption of sodium and secretion of _________________. 4. Both will result in the _______________ of water. |
1. sodium 2. adrenal cortex 3. potassium 4. reabsorption |
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The order of events that they would occur in after a person breathes in and out deeply and quickly for 30 secs.
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-CO2 concentrations fall -carbonic acid levels decrease -the pH rises -Peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated. -the pulmonary ventilation rate is decreased -CO2 begins to accumulate -the pH begins to fall -the pH returned to normal. |
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label is referring to properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance. Respiratory compenstation |
-marked by hypercapnia -increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired. -the faster acting compensation mechanism -useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain. -requires hyperpnea to release acid to the environment. |
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label is referring to properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance. Renal compensation. |
-relies on the secretion of H+ -slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH.. -effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer. |
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Classify the following statements as compensations made by either the respiratory or renal systems. renal compensation |
-it is slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH. -it is effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer |
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Classify the following statements as compensations made by either the respiratory or renal systems. Respiratory compensation |
-it is very effective in correcting pH imbalances due to abnormal partial pressure of CO2 but not effective in correcting other causes of acidosis or alkalosis. -it can adjust a blood pH of 7.0 back to 7.2 or 7.3, but not to 7.4 -it compensates for short-term pH imbalance, such as the acidosis that might result from an asthmatic attack. -compensation is accomplished by expelling or retaining CO2. |
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1. The condition of acidosis can also cause __________ because the higher H+ concentration diffuses to the ICF, pushing K+ towards the ECF. 2. Two imbalances that related are _________ and hypochloremia because additonal Cl- must be excreted to the kidney tubules to buffer the high concentrations of H+ into tubular fluid. 3. Following hemorrhage, _________ can also cause alkalosis because through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Na+ reabsorption is increased causing a larger excretion of H+ into tubular fluid. 4. Systemic acidosis can cause _________________ due to the high levels of H+ forcing greater binding of ECF calcium to anions. |
1. hyperkalemia 2. acidosis 3. hypovolemia 4. hypeocalcemia |
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1. The kidneys can permanently remove substances which affect pH balance by secreting them into the _________. 2. Tubule cells can catabolize certain amino acids and releases ___________ as a product. neutralize3. This product will diffuse into the tubular fluid where it can act as a _____ to neutralize the fluid. 4.It will react with H+ and _______which is passed in the urine. 5. This action works as a ______ to reduce the strong acidity of the fluid. |
1. urine 2. ammonia 3. base 4. Cl- 5. buffer |
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The greatest percentage of the body's water is in?
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ICF
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Hypertension is likely to increase the secretion of_______________.
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natriuretic peptide
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__________ increases water reabsorption without increasing sodium reabsorption.
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ADH
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hypotonic hydration can result from?
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ADH hypersecretion
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Tetanus is most likely to result from
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hypocalemia
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The principle determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cellular volume is ________________
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potassium
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Increased excretion of ammonium chloride in the urine most likely indicates_________________
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acidosis
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The most effective buffer in the ICF is __________________.
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protein
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Tubular secretion of hydrogen is directly linked to ___________________.
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the tubular reabsorption of sodium
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Hyperchloremia is most likely to result in ______________.
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acidosis
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The most abundant cation in the ECF is ______________.
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Sodium
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The Two most abundant cations in the ICF are _______________ and _____________.
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K+ and Mg2
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Water produced by the body's chemical reactions is called ____________________________________.
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metabolic water
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The skin loses water by two processes, sweating and _________________.
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cutaneous transpiration
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Any abnormal accumulation of fluid in a particular place in the body is called ____________________
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fluid sequesteration
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An excessive concentration of potassium ions in the blood is called ___________________.
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hyperkalemia
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A deficiency of sodium ions in the blood is called _____________________.
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hyponatremia
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A blood pH of 7.2 caused by inadequate pulmonary ventilation would be classified as _______________________.
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respiratory acidosis
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Tubular secretion of H+ ions ceases if the acidity of the tubular fluid falls below a value called the _________________.
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limiting pH
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Long-term satiation of thirst depends on a reduction of the ________ of the blood.
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osmolarity
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