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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the primary sex organs?
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testes in males, ovaries in females
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What produce sex cells does and secrete sex hormone
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Gonads
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What are the accessory repro organs?
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ducts, glands, and external genitalia
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What are the sex hormones?
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androgens (males), and estrogens/progesterone (females)
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Sex hormones play roles in:
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Development and function of reproductive organs.
Sexual behavior/drives. Growth/development of other organs and tissues |
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What produces sperm and lie in the scrotum?
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Male gonads (testes)
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How is sperm delivered to the external?
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Through a system of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra
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What are the male sex accessory glands?
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Empty their secretions into the ducts during ejaculation
Include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands |
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Where does the scrotum hang?
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Outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
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What seperates the testies?
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The a midline septum
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What two muscles controls the Intrascrotal temp?
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Dartos and Cremaster
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What smooth m. wrinkles scrotal skin?
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Dartos
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What Skletal m. elevate the testies?
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Cremaster
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What divide the testis into 250-300 lobules?
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Septa
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Each lobules contains how many seminiferous tubules?
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1-4
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What does the seminiferous tubules produce and converge into?
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Sperm and tubulus rectus
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The straight tubulus rectus conveys sperm to what?
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Rete testis
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From the rete testis, the sperm leave the testies via what and enter what?
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via the efferent ductules and enter the epididymis.
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Surrounding the seminiferous tubules are interstitial cells that produce what hormone?
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Androgens
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What is the purpose of the spermatic cord?
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Encloses PNS and SNS nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply the testes
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What is the function of the penis and what is it constst of?
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A copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
Consists of an attached root and a free shaft that ends in the glans penis |
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What is the cuff of skin covering the distal end of the penis?
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Prepuce, or foreskin
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What are the urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue called?
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Internal penis
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What is the term for during sexual excitement, the erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid (parasympathetic response)
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Erection
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What are the spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces
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Erectile tissue
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What is the single erectile body that surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis?
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Corpus spongiosum
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What are the paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea?
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Corpora cavernosa
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The Epididymis head joins what ductules and caps what aspect of the testies?
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Joins the efferent ductules and caps the superior aspect.
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The duct of the epididymis has stereocilia that does what?
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Absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to the sperm.
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What happens to nonmotile sperm that enter the epididymis and pass through its tubes?
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it becomes motile.
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Durring ejaculation the epididymis ____, expelling sperm into the what?
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Contracts and expells into the ductus deferens.
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What runs from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity
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Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct
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The Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct terminus expands to form what and then joins the duct of the What to form what?
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Form the ampulla then joins the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
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The Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct propels sperm from the epididymis to where?
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The urethra
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What is cutting and ligating the ductus deferens, which is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control called?
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Vasectomy
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What is the function of the Urethra?
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Conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
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The urethra consist of what three regions?
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–Prostatic – portion surrounded by the prostate
–Membranous – lies in the urogenital diaphragm –Spongy, or penile – runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice |
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Where does the Seminal Vesicles lie and secrete what?
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posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen.
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What is semen?
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viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
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What does the seminal vesicles join with to form the ejaculatory duct?
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the ductus deferens
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Where does the sperm and seminal fluid mix and where does it enter during ejaculation?
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Mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
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Describe the prostate gland.
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•Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder
•Its milky, slightly acid fluid, which contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), accounts for one-third of the semen volume •Plays a role in the activation of sperm •Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation |
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Describe the Bulbourethral Glands.
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•Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
•Produce thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra •Also reffered to as the Cowper’s Glands |
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What is semen?
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•Milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
•Provides a transport medium and nutrients (fructose), protects and activates sperm, and facilitates their movement •The relative alkalinity of semen neutralizes the acid environment found in the male urethra and female vagina •Only 2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated, but it contains 50-130 million sperm/ml |
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Prostaglandins in semen:
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–Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix
–Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus –Facilitate the movement of sperm through the female reproductive tract |
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Describe the Male Sexual Response: Erection.
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•Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
•During sexual arousal, a PNS reflex promotes the release of nitric oxide •Nitric oxide causes erectile tissue to fill with blood •Expansion of the corpora cavernosa: –Compresses their drainage veins –Retards blood outflow and maintains engorgement •The corpus spongiosum functions in keeping the urethra open during ejaculation •Impotence – inability to attain erection |
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What is ejaculation and what happens durring ejaculation?
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• The propulsion of semen from the male duct system
• At ejaculation, sympathetic nerves serving the genital organs cause: – Reproductive ducts and accessory organs to contract and empty their contents – The bladder sphincter muscle to constrict, preventing the expulsion of urine – Bulbospongiosus muscles to undergo a rapid series of contractions – Propulsion of semen from the urethra |
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What is Spermatogenesis?
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The sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
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What are the diploid chromosomal number?
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2n
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Gametes only have how many chromosomes and are said to be what? (n chromosomal number)
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23 and haploid
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Haploid chromosomal number are?
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n
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How are gamete formed?
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meiosis
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What are the meiosis phases?
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Interphase
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I |
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Describe interphase.
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•Two nuclear divisions halve the number of chromosomes
•Chromosomes replicate prior to meiosis I |
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Describe prophase I.
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• Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis
• Tetrads are formed with homologous partners • Crossing over takes place during prophase I |
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Describe metaphase I.
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• Tetrads line up at the spindle equator during metaphase I
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Describe anaphase I.
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• Homologous chromosomes composed of joined sister chromatids are distributed to opposite ends of the cell
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Describe telophase I.
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• Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomal masses
• Spindle break down • Chromatin reappears • With telophase and cytokinesis completed, two haploid daughter cells are formed (with 2n amount of DNA) |
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What is meiosis II?
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• Mirrors mitosis except that chromosomes are not replicated before it begins
• Meiosis accomplishes two tasks: – It reduces the chromosome number by half (2n to n)- – It introduces genetic variability bc now the “old” and “new” chromosomes have different genetic info due to crossing over during meiosis I |
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What is Spermatogenesis?
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•Cells making up the walls of seminiferous tubules are in various stages of cell division
•These spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm in a series of events – Mitosis of spermatogonia, forming spermatocytes –Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes –Spermiogenesis – spermatids form sperm |
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What is the outermost cells in contact with the epithelial basal lamina?
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Spermatogonia
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When does Spermatogenesis begins?
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at puberty as each mitotic division of spermatogonia results in type A or type B daughter cells.
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What is Type A cells?
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(“stay” rhymes with A- they stay next to the exterior) cells remain at the basement membrane and maintain the germ line
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What is Type B cells?
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move toward the lumen and become primary spermatocytes
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What are the process of Spermatocytes to Spermatids?
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• Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I, forming two haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and their daughter cells are called spermatids (the “kids”) Spermatids are small round cells seen close to the lumen of the tubule |
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spermatids lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail, becoming sperm is referred as?
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Spermiogenesis
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What are the three main regions of the sperm?
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– Head – contains DNA and has a helmetlike acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
– Midpiece – contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments – Tail – a typical flagellum produced by a centriole |
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What are Sertoli Cells?
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Cells that extend from the basal lamina to the lumen of the tubule that surrounds developing cells
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How are the sertoli cells bonded together?
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with tight junctions
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The sertoli cells basal compartment contains?
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spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
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The The sertoli Adluminal compartment contains?
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meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen
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The Sertoli Cells tight junction forms what?
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blood-testis barrier
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What is the function of the blood-testis barrier
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prevents sperm antigens from escaping through the basal lamina into the blood
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Since sperm are not formed until puberty, they are absent during when?
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thymic education
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Spermatogonia are recognized as “self” and are influenced by what?
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bloodborne chemical messengers
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What are the Adluminal Compartment Activities?
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• Spermatocytes and spermatids are nearly enclosed in sustentacular cells, which:
– Deliver nutrients to dividing cells – Move them along to the lumen – Secrete testicular fluid that provides the transport medium for sperm – Dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during maturation to sperm – Produce chemical mediators that help regulate spermatogenesis |
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Pertaining to the Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Function, what does the hypothalamus releases?
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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What is the function of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
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Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
– FSH causes sustentacular cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP) – LH stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone |
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What does ABP binding of testosterone enhances?
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spermatogenesis
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What are the Mechanism and Effects of Testosterone Activity?
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• Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol
• Testosterone targets all accessory organs and its deficiency causes these organs to atrophy |
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What are the Male Secondary Sex Characteristics?
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– Appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair
– Enhanced growth of the chest and deepening of the voice – Skin thickens and becomes oily – Bones grow and increase in density – Skeletal muscles increase in size and mass |
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What are the Female Reproductive Anatomy?
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Ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs
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What is the function of the ovary?
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Make female gametes (ova)
Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
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What does the femal accessory ducts includes?
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uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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ovaries and the internal ducts are?
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Internal genitalia
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external sex organs are?
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External genitalia
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Describe the ovary.
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• They are surrounded by a fibrous tunica albuginea, which is covered by a layer of epithelial cells called the germinal epithelium
• Embedded in the ovary cortex are ovarian follicles • Each follicle consists of an immature egg called an oocyte • Cells around the oocyte are called: – Follicle cells (one cell layer thick) – Granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present) |
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What are the stages that the ovary goes through?
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• Primordial follicle – one layer of squamouslike follicle cells surrounds the oocyte
• Primary follicle – two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte • Secondary follicle – has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that coalesces to form a central antrum • Graafian follicle – secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary • Ovulation – ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle • Corpus luteum – ruptured follicle after ovulation |
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What is the function of the Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and Oviducts?
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Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization
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The Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes) and Oviducts Expand distally around the ovary forming what?
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ampulla
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The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated _____ containing fingerlike projections called _____.
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ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called fimbriae
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The uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated oocyte is cast into the?
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peritoneal cavity
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The oocyte is carried toward the uterus by what action?
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peristalsis and ciliary
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What cells keep the oocyte and the sperm nourished and moist
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Nonciliated
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What is a Uterus?
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Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder
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What is a Cervix?
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narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly
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What secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle?
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Cervical glands
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What are the three layers of the cervical wall?
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– Perimetrium – outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum
– Myometrium – middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle – Endometrium – mucosal lining of the uterine cavity |
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What has numerous uterine glands that change in length as the endometrial thickness changes?
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Endometrium
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What are the two sections of the Endometrium?
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• Stratum functionalis:
– Undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones – Is shed during menstruation • Stratum basalis: – Forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends – Does not respond to ovarian hormones |
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What is a vagina and its' functions?
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• Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
• The urethra is embedded in the anterior wall • Provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation |
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What is the Greater vestibular glands and its' functions?
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– Pea-size glands flanking the vagina
– Homologous to the bulbourethral glands – Keep the vestibule moist and lubricated |
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What is the Clitoris (homologous to the penis) and its' function?
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– Erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce
– The exposed portion is called the glans |
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What are mammary glands?
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Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 lobes that radiate around and open at the nipple
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What is the pigmented skin surrounding the nipple?
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Areola
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Lobes contain glandular alveoli produce what in lactating women?
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milk
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Compound alveolar glands pass milk to _____ ducts, which open to the outside
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lactiferous
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What is Oogenesis?
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Production of female sex cells by meiosis
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In the fetal period, oogonia multiply by _____ and store nutrients.
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mitosis
2n |
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What appear as oogonia are transformed into primary oocytes?
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Primordial follicles
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Primary oocytes begin meiosis but stall in what phase?
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prophase I
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At puberty, one activated primary oocyte produces two _____ cells
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haploid
–The first polar body –The secondary oocyte |
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The secondary oocyte arrests in _____ phase and is ovulated.
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metaphase II
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If penetrated by sperm the second oocyte completes What phase and yielding what?
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meiosis II
–One large ovum (the functional gamete) –A tiny second polar body |
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What is a Ovarian Cycle?
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Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg
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What is the Follicular phase?
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period of follicle growth (days 1–14)
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What is the Luteal phase?
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period of corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
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When does Ovulation occurs?
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midcycle
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What is the Follicular Phase?
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The primordial follicle, directed by the oocyte, becomes a primary follicle
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Primary follicle becomes a _____ follicle and forms?
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secondary follicle
–The zona pellucida forms around the oocyte –The antrum is formed |
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The secondary follicle becomes a _____ (Graafian) follicle
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vesicular
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The antrum expands and isolates the?
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oocyte
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The full size follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from the external surface of what?
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Ovary
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The primary oocyte completes _____, and the stage is set for ovulation.
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meiosis I
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When and how does ovulation occurs?
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Ovulation occurs when the ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte
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What is a twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation
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Mittelschmerz
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• 1-2% of ovulations release more than one secondary oocyte, which if fertilized, results in What?
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fraternal twins
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What happens durring luteal phase?
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• After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and along with internal thecal cells, form the corpus luteum
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The corpus luteum secretes what two hormones?
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progesterone and estrogen
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If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in _____ days, leaving a scar called?
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(corpus albicans)
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If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the _____ takes over that role at about _____ months)
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placenta and 3 months
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What are FSH and LH released by and what do they act on?
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pituitary and the ovaries.
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Day 1 – GnRH stimulates the release of what two hormones?
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FSH and LH
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During the ovarian cycle, FSH and LH stimulate what?
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follicle growth and maturation, and low-level estrogen release
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Rising estrogen levels inhibits the release of what hormones?
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FSH and LH
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Estrogen levels increase and high estrogen levels have a _____ feedback effect on the pituitary, causing a sudden surge of what hormones?
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positive feedback and surges of LH.
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LH spike stimulates the primary _____ to complete meiosis I.
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oocyte
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Decline of the ovarian hormones happens on what day?
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Days 26-28
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What happens on day Days 26-28?
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Ends the blockade of FSH and LH
The cycle starts anew |
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What is a Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle?
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Series of cyclic changes that the endometrium goes through each month in response to ovarian hormones in the blood
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What doies Estrogen induce?
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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What are the female Secondary Sex Characteristics
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Growth of the breasts
Increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts Widening and lightening of the pelvis Growth of axillary and pubic hair |
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What are the female sexual response?
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The clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood
Activity of vestibular glands lubricates the vestibule and facilitates entry of the penis |
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What happens durring orgasm?
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accompanied by muscle tension, increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmical contractions of the uterus
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How doe sbacterial infection spreads?
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by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces
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Symptoms of gonorrea are?
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In males – painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis
In females – none (20%), abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding Left untreated, can result in pelvic inflammatory disease Treatment: antibiotics, but resistant strains are becoming more prevalent |
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Is syphilis a virus or bacteria and what are the signs and symptoms?
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Bacterial infection transmitted sexually or contracted congenitally
Infected fetuses are stillborn or die shortly after birth A painless chancre appears at the site of infection and disappears in a few weeks Secondary syphilis shows signs of pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain A latent period follows, which may progress to tertiary syphilis characterized by gummas (lesions of the CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin)- can cause one to become “crazy” Treatment: penicillin |
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What is the most common STD?
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydia is responsable for how many % of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease?
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25-50
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What are the signs and treatment for Chlamydia?
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Symptoms include urethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or testicular pain; painful intercourse; and irregular menses
Can cause arthritis and urinary tract infections in men, and sterility in women Treatment is with tetracycline |
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What are the viral STD?
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Genital warts and herpes
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What are the signs of genital warts?
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caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV); infections increase the risk of penile, vaginal, anal, and cervical cancers
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What are the signs of genital herpes?
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caused by Epstein-Barr virus type 2 and characterized by latent periods and flare-ups
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What is menopause?
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When ovulation and menses cease entirely
Without sufficient estrogen, reproductive organs and breasts atrophy Irritability and depression result Skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation (hot flashes occur) Gradual thinning of the skin and bone loss |
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What is an a pregnancy?
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events that occur from fertilization until the infant is born
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What is a conceptus?
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the developing offspring
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When is the Gestation period?
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from the last menstrual period until birth
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What is Preembryo?
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conceptus from fertilization until it is two weeks old
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What is an Embryo?
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conceptus during the third through the eighth week
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What is a fetus?
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conceptus from the ninth week through birth
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How long is an Oocyte and sperm viable for?
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Oocyte is 12 to 24 hrs
Sperm 24 to 72 hrs |
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For fertilization to occur, _____ must occur no more than?
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Three days before ovulation
24 hours after ovulation |
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What is Fertilization?
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when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote
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What are the faith of ejaculated sperm?
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Leak out of the vagina
Destroyed by the acidic vaginal environment Fail to make it through the cervix Dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by phagocytic leukocytes Reach the uterine tubes |
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What does sperm have to undergo 1st before penetrating an Oocyte?
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capacitation
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What is acrosomal reaction?
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The process of the acrosome digesting the zona pellucida
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during the acrosomal rxn, what binds to the Oocyte receptors?
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Beta protein
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What causes the sperm to insert into the Oocyte?
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alpha protein
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