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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
site of external respiration
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alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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external respiration
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aka pulmonary gas exchange; the diffusion of O2 from air in the alveoli of the lungs to blood in pulmonary capillaries and the diffusion of CO2 in the opposite direction
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site of internal respiration
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systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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internal respiration
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aka systemic gas exchange; gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
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vocal cords
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folds of tough tissue (mucous membranes) within the larynx; as air moves over the cords they vibrate and produce sound; stretched make high pitched sounds and relaxed make low pitch sounds
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sound
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originates from the vibration of the vocal folds; the pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses all at as resonatiing chambers; muscles of the face, tongue, and libps form words.
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nasal cavity
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lined with mucous membrane – warms and moistens air - trapping particles - hairs filter the air
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pharynx
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the throat; funnel shaped tube; muscular tube lined by mucous membrane in three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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larynx
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Connects pharynx with trachea;
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epiglottis
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a flap to prevent food from going into the trachea; part of pharynx
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glottis
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during swallowing, it is covered by the epiglottis
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thyrold cartilage
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Adam’s apple
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cricoid cartilage
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connects the larynx and the trachea
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tracheal cartilage
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holds the shape of the trachea
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trachea
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extends from larynx to primary bronchi - smooth muscular tube held open by the C-rings of hyaline cartilage - lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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Bronchi
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where the trachea divides into the left and right primary bronchi (tubes); continues and divides into smaller and smaller tubes (branches) deep into lung tissue; walls contain cartilaginous rings
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bronchiole
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wall contain smooth muscle
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Bronchial Tree
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trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles
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Lungs
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fills the the thoracic cavity; enclosed by pleural membrans that enclose and protect them.
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pleural membrane
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double layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each lung;
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parietal pleura
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superficial of pleural membrane that is attached to the thoracic cavity wall
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visceral pleura
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deep layer that covers the lungs
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pleural cavity
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lubricating fluid that is secreted between pleural layers to keep them slippery (surface tension)
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right lung
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has 3 lobes
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left lung
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has 2 lobes
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hilum
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where blood vessels and airways enter the lungs forming the “root” of the lungs
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lobules
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microscopic compartments where bronchiopulmonary segments end: functional units of the lungs
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lobules contain
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lymphatics; arterioles and venules; respiratory and terminal bronchioles; alveolar, ducts, sacs, aveoli
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Alveoli
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small grape-like clusters of elastic sacs located at the ends of the bronchiopulmonary segments and surrounded by capillaries
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alveolar walls
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one layer of simple squamous epithelium; where O2 and CO2 are exchanged
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septal cells
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type of aveolar cell that produces fluid that moistens the cell and releases surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing following expiration
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ventilation
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air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs because of alternating pressure differences created by the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles.
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rate of airflow and breathing effort
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is influenced by alveolar surface tension, compliance of the lungs and airway resistance
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breathing
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requires muscular activity and changes in chest size (thoracic cavity); air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure; air moves out of the lungs when pressure inside lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure
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COPD
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; chronic obstruction of air flow into the lungs; ex. emphysema and chronic bronchitis
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Emphysema
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destruction of the walls of the alveoli, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation; less surface area for gas exchange
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chronic bronchitis
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excessive secretion of bronchial mucus accompanied by a productive cough that last 3 months for two successful years; smoking leading cause.
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asthma
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chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli and airway obstruction; trigger is an allergen
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tuberculosis
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highly communicable bacterial infection - destroys lungs - leaves fibrous tissue behind
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coryza
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common cold
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influenza
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caused by virus; symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches
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pneumonia
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acute infection or inflammation of the alveoli
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cystic fibrosis
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hereditary disease mucus clogs respiratory passages (also pancreas, salivary and sweat glands)
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pulmonary edema
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excess fluid in lungs; can be a sign of congestive heart failure
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SARS
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severe acute respiratory syndrome) - emerging infectious disease with a high fatality rate
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Boyle’s Law
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pressure of gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (chest cavity)
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Tidal Volume
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the volume of one breath of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal respiratory cycle - about 500 mL into and out of the lungs
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dead space
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150 mL stays in the conducting airways - as anatomic (respiratory) dead space (usually equal to your ideal weight)
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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maximum volume that can be moved into respiratory tract after normal inspiration (3100 mL/male, 1900 mL/female)
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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– maximum volume that can be forced out of respiratory tract after a normal expiration (1200 mL/male, 700 mL/female)
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residual volume (RV)
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volume remaining in the respiratory tract after maximum expiration keeps alveoli slightly inflated (1200 mL/male, 1100 mL/female)
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process of respiration
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3 steps - 1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2. external (pulmonary) respiration (exchange of gas at the aveoli and pulm. capillaries 3. Internal respiration (exchange of gas at tissue level and cellular level)
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inhalation
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aka inspiration; contraction of the diaphragm (goes down) and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax (lift ribs up), decreasing pressure in the thorax - air rushes in - the lungs expand
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exhalation
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aka expiration; diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax - chest wall and lungs recoil as thoracic volume decreases - intrapleural and alveolar pressures increase; air is forced out of lungs; passive process
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Dalton’s Law
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each gas in a gas mixture exerts its own pressure (think of pressure as a concentration) as if no other gasses are present; total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gasses = p
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Henry’s Law
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the amount of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient (attraction for water); explains why divers can get the bends if they surface to quickly.
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muscles of inhalation
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sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, diaphragm
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muscles of exhalation
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internal intercostasl, external obliques, transverse abdominus; rectus abdominis
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alveolar surface tension
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a force that causes the alveoli to have the smallest possible diameter
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alveolar surface tension during inhalation
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surface tension must be overcomeso that the alveoli can expand
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alveolar surface tension during exhalation
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surface tension helps the alveoli to ‘snap back’ to their original size
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surfactant
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a substance that enables the surface tension to change and prevent the alveoli fromcollapsing (like a deflated balloon) during exhalation
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eupnea
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normal pattern of quiet breathing
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apnea
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temporary absence or cessation of breathin
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dyspnea
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diifuclt or labored respiration
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tachypnea
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rapid breathing
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costal breathing
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shallow breathing
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diaphragmatic breathing
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deep breathing
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cartilaginous rings
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are replaced with plates of cartilage in primary bronchi and disappear in the bronchioles
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carina
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internal ridge at the point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi
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passive breathing
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normal pattern of quiet breathing; no muscular contractions are involved
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control of respiration
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Respiratory center sends nerve impulses to respiratory muscles - located in reticular formation of brain stem
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areas of respiratory center of brain
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medullary rhythmicity area; pneumotaxic area; apneustic area
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medullary rhythmicity area of brain
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controls the basic rhythm of respiration within two areas: inspiratory - sets the basic rhythm of respiration proprioceptors in joints and muscles activate inspiratory center during exercise to bring in more oxygen; expiratory - activated during high levels of ventilation controls the muscles used during forced expiration
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pneumotaxic area
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coordinates transition between inspiration and expiration - nerve impulses shorten the duration of inhalation
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apneustic area
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“tells” inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and thereby ‘inhibit’ expiration
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Carbon Dioxide Transport
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3 ways: dissolved in blood plasma; combined with the globin partof the Hb molecule to form: carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2); transported as part of bicarbonate (HCO3)
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hypoxia
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oxygen deficiency at tissue level;
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anemic hypoxia
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too little functioning hemoglobin; hemorrhage; anemia; carbon monoxide poisoning
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ischemic hypoxia
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too little O2 reaches tissues fast enough; heart failure and shock
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histotoxic hypoxia
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toxic agents prevent tissues the proper use of O2; cyanide poisoning
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