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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Positive feedback includes:
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Blood clotting and uterine contractions
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Drinking water until hydrated is an example of _________ feedback
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negative
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Mouth region:
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Buccal
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Arm region:
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Brachial
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Front elbow region:
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antecubital
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Belly button region:
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Umbilical
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Front of hip region:
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Inguinal
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Leg region:
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Femoral
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Back shoulder region:
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Scapular
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Lower back:
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lumbar
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Back of knee:
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Popiteal
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Calf region:
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Sural
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4 Main Types of Tissues:
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
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Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue –
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Simple, single flat layer. Found in places that need exchange or rapid diffusion (Example: Lining blood vessels and lungs)
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Stratified Squamous ET –
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Many layers for protection. On skin and esophagus.
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Simple Cuboidal ET –
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Glandular cells that make products, filtering
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Simple Columnar ET –
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Digesting and absorbing nutrients
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar –
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Looks like it has layers. Has cilia. Found in trachea and uterine/fallopian tubes. General function is movement.
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Transitional ET -
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Stretchy. In bladder
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Exocrine gland
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(Sweat glands, etc. Secretes to outside of the body and mucus membranes)
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Endocrine gland
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Pancreas, etc. Produces into the blood stream
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Connective tissue has ____ cells (mostly matrix), but is the ______ common cell with lots of variation.
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few...most
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“Histology” is….
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the study of tissues
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The 6 types of connective tissue:
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Dense Fibrous Regular CT, Adipose CT, Areolar CT, Osseous CT, Cartilage CT, and Blood
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Dense Fibrous Regular CT –
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For flexible support. Collagen fibers everywhere with just a few cells. The cells that produce collagen are call fibroblasts. Underneath the skin. (There is also Dense Fibrous “Irregular”.)
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Adipose CT –
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Fat. For cushion, insulation, energy. Found around the heart, superficial to the skin, greater omentum.
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Areolar CT –
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Providing ample blood supply because of a mix of fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular. Also has lots of white blood cells to fight infection. Underneath epithelial layers. Sometimes called lamina propria
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Osseous CT –
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Gives strong support. Bones, duh. Bone is composed of cells called “osteocytes”. Matrix has 2 things: Calcium salts (to make it hard) and collagen (to make it flexible).
eft. Divides into top and botto |
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Cartilage CT –
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Provides flexible support. Composes nose, ears, tracheal supports, connecting rib bone to sternum (costal cartilage), in bone joints (articular cartilage). Three types of cartilage: Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic
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Hyaline cartilage connective tissue -
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Nose, tracheal support, costal cartilage
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Fibrous cartilage connective tissue -
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intervertebral discs, inside knee “meniscus, pubic symphysis (relaxes to allow childbirth)
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Elastic Cartilage -
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ears, epiglottis
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Blood CT –
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Transportation. The only connective fibers are there during a blood clot
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Study of the function of living things –
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physiology
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Sagittal Section –
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Divides the down the body/organ, from top to bottom. Divides into left and a right. (Mid sagittal, Para sagittal)
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Transverse Section –
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A slice from right to left. Divides into top and bottom. (also “Cross section”)
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A person laying face down is:
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prone
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Abdominal area is divided two different ways:
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Quadrants and regions.
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Abdominal regions from the patient’s top right:
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Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac // Right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar // Right iliac, hypogastric, and left hypogastric.
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Sterile membrane -
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a membrane with no normal exposure to outside pathogens
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Parietal pleura –
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(“Wall”-“lung”)
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Visceral pleura –
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(“Internal”-“lungs”)
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Plural cavity –
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Space between parietal and visceral layers. Contains serous fluid, which reduces friction.
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Pleurisy –
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lung membrane infection
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Parietal pericardium -
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(“Wall”-“around heart”)
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Visceral pericardium –
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(“Internal” – “around heart”)
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Percarditis –
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Inflammation of pericardial cavity
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Pericardial Cavity –
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Contains serous fluid to reduce friction within the heart
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Visceral peritoneum –
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(“Internal”- “around intestines”)
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Parietal peritoneum –
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(“Walls”-“around intestines”)
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Peritonitis –
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Inflammation of the area between the membranes in the intestines
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Sudoriferous gland:
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Sweat glands that are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin. They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.
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Eccrine -
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cover all surfaces and cools off and lubricates
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apocrine -
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activates at puberty. Found in armpits/groin. The source of body odor.
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Sebaceous gland –
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Makes oil in the hair gland.
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Arrector pili muscle –
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Pulls the hair up to stand on end
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Hypodermis –
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Also called “subcutaneous”
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Stratum corneum –
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the “hard” top layer of skin
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Melanocytes –
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produces melanin
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Stratum basale –
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Produces the stratified squamous
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Adipose –
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Stores triglycerides
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Cutaneous membrane:
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Skin. Epidermis epithelium on top of dermis connective tissue.
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Mucous membranes:
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line body cavities that open to outside (respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts). Epithelium on top of lamina propria (areolar connective tissue).
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Serous membranes:
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line body cavities that are not exposed to outside. They consist of two layers and secrete a thin fluid (serous fluid) into the space between the two layers. This fluid reduces friction when intestines move; when the lungs expand; and when the heart beats.
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Somatic –
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voluntary. Controls skeletal muscles.
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Autonomic –
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involuntary. Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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Motor output –
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efferent
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Sensory input –
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afferent
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Wernicke’s Area –
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a key vocabulary area of the brain.
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Hypothalamus of the Diencephalon -
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In charge of creating homeostasis (Balance in temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep)
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Axon –
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The projection going out from the cell body of the neuron.
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Nucleus –
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CNS: A group of cell bodies in the brain or the spinal cord
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Tract –
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Group of axons in the CNS is a tract
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Ganglion –
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PNS: group of cell bodies in the PNS. (Found outside of the spinal cord, solar plexus, and behind they eye)
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Nerve –
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A group of axons in the PNS
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Lobe responsible for voluntary motor output:
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Voluntary activity via the precentral gyrus (AKA, the primary motor cortex) in the frontal lobe
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Memory and olfactory pathways sometimes cross in:
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Temporal lobe
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The 4 Brain regions:
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Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem
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The three structures that form the diencephalon:
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hypothalamus, thalamus, and Epithalamus
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Meninges –
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the layers of membranes that envelope the central nervous system,
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The three meninge, from superficial to deep:
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Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
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Produces Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
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choroid plexus
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The three parts of the brainstem:
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midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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Main function of the cerebellum:
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Coordinate fine motor movement:
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Layer if the dura mater that attaches to the skin:
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Periosteum
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Large sinus that collects CSF returning to the blood. Between the two hemispheres:
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superior sagittal sinus.
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Lysozymes –
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antimicrobial substance in tears, saliva, and sweat
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Retina –
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layer of the eyes with neuronal receptors
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Eustacian tube –
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Structure that connects the throat with the middle ear
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Cornea –
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Part of the eye that lacks blood supply to it isn’t rejected if transplanted
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Oculomotor controls _________, _________, _________, and _________ eye muscles
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superior, inferior, and medial rectus, and inferior oblique
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The lens of the eye _____ to see far away
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bends
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Sound waves vibrate the ______ membrane (eardrum) which transmits the movement to the ______, which moves the gel in the cochlea.
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Tymphanic….ossicles
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Cells that myelinate axons in the central nervous system –
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olydendrocytes
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The sight on the neuron that fires the action potential if the stimulus is strong enough –
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Axon hillock
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Action potentials “jump” from one node of ranvier to another through -
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salutatory conduction.
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Cells that myelinate axon in the PNS –
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Schwann Cells
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Meninge layer with blood vessels –
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pia mater
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Procedure in which a small amount of CSF is removed from below the spinal cord –
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spinal tap/lumbar puncture
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Cells that are ciliated and help to circulate CSF –
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Ependymal
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Falx cerebri -
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Layer of dura mater that separates the cerebral hemispheres
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Diencephalon is part of the ______ brain (limbic system)
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emotional
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Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the _______ and is returned to the blood stream via the _________
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subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi
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Microglia cells have many functions:
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waste recycling, circulating cerebrospinal fluid, and myelinating CNS axons.
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The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle by –
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The intventricular foramen
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Structure involved in emotional gesturing –
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cingulate gyrus
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Brain cancer is more likely caused by _______ cells instead of _______
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neuroglial, neuron
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The spinal nerve contains _____ and _____ neurons
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sensory, motor
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Action potential –
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What causes calcium channels to open in the axon terminal?
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Dorsal root ganglion –
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location of the PNS cell bodies
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Phenatic nerve –
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controls the diaphram
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Dopamine:
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The “feel good/reward” NT. Fine-tunes motor movements.
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Glutamate:
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Learning and memory. Involved in OCD and addiction.
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Serotonin:
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Mood drug/regulation. Deficiency results in depression. Anti-depressants block reuptake.
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GABA:
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Primary inhibitory NT, alcohol and Valium releases GABA.
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Acetylcholine:
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In the brain, but also released onto skeletal muscles. Mediator of parasympathetic functions.
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Norepinephrine:
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Feel good NT. Mediate of sympathetic actions
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Spinal bifida –
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when the vertebral arch does not completely close in a young baby
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Hypoglossal –
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nerve that moves the tongue
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Perineurium –
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surrounds each fascicle in a muscle
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-neurim –
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nerve
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-steum –
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bone
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-mysium -
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muscle
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Adrenaline –
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released onto the adrenergic receptors or their effectors
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T1-L2 –
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Location of the sympathetic neurons’ originations
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Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) causes two parasympathetic effects:
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constricts pupil and bends lens (to see close)
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Glycogenesis –
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the process of converting amino acids and fatty acids into glucose
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Sympathetic chain ganglia –
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Location where many sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons
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_______ glands release epinephrine (adrenaline) directly into the blood stream when stimulated by sympathetic fibers
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adrenal
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Foramen through which three cranial nerves pass (including the vagus) –
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Jugular foramen
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Periosteum contains –
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osteoprogenitor cells
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Mandibular -
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Branch of the trigeminal nerve that moves chewing muscles
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Osteclasts –
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move over the bone secreting HCl and lysozymes
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Osteoblasts move like _____ until they settle in one spot and produce bone matrix
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amoebas
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Intervertebral discs -
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Made of collagen fibers (annulus fibrousus) on the outside, Nucleus pulposus on the inside.
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Nucleus pulposus –
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A glycoprotein that makes of the inside of intervertebral discs. Draws water to it through osmotic pressure.
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Lumber curvature –
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last to develop, when a child is beginning to walk
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Lordosis –
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abnormal or overproduced lumber curvature
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Perforating canal –
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contains blood vessels, arteries, nerves, and is the main blood supply to the osteons
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A Band –
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Where myosin and actin overlap. The dark part. “It’s myosin and clan, it’s the A Band”.
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I Band –
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Actin-only. The lighter striation. (“Tall and thin, it’s actin!”)
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H zone –
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Myosin only
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Z discs/line –
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The anchors between actin fibers. The borders of the sarcomere.
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Motor unit –
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A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles that it stimulates
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Sarcomere –
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contractile unit of muscle tissue
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Fassicle –
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a discrete bundle of muscle cells
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Endomysium –
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connective tissue around each muscle
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Synarthroses –
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“Together joint”. Immoveable joint. Such as sutures. Made of fibrous connective tissues
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Amphiarthroses –
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“Both joint”. Slightly moveable. Joint made of fibrocartilage. Such as pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs
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Synovial –
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“Together with egg”. Fluid looks like egg whites. Most joints are synovial.
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_________ binds to troponin
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calcium
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum –
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area of calcium storage in a muscle
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Tropomyosin –
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protein that covers myosin-binding sites on actin
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Hydrolysis of ATP –
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Process that cocks myosins head into the high-energy configuration
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Myglobin –
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stores oxygen in muscle cells, makes them appear darker
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Glycolysis –
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(Glucose > pyruvate) 2 atp made (45 secs worh). Waste: Lactic acide
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Creatine phosphate –
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Direct phosphorilation of ADP > ATP) 1 atp made (10 secs worth). Waste: creatine
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Oxidative phosphorilation –
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(Pyruvate + O2 > ATP + CO2) 32 ATP made.
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Concentric –
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Muscle actively shortens. Such as the Bicep curl.
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Eccentric –
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Muscle actively lengthens
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Isometric contractions –
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Muscle length remains the same. Thanks to stretchy, bungy Titin (not classicly considered a contraction)
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Cranial nerves are part of the ______ nervous system
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peripheral
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