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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RAA |
Renin Angiotensin aldosterone Mechanism |
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ICF |
Intercellular- inside the cell 2/3 body fluid |
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ECF |
Extracellular outside the cell 1/3 the body fluid |
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CSF |
cerebral spinal fluid in the brain and spinalcord spaces |
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Lymph |
Lymphatic system |
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ECF is very important related to a balance of? |
Blood pressure.A lack o fluid causes a decrease in the transfer of nutrients, low b/p and low oxygen delivery. This can cause Hypovolemic shock. |
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how is Hypovolemic shock treated |
iv isotonic solutions STAT. |
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Too much of ECF can cause what? |
high b/p leading to a stroke or CHF- Congestive Heart Failure |
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ADH |
Antidiuretic Hormone |
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ADH tell the body to do what? |
Abosorb fluid- the more secreted the more fluid is absorbed. The less ADH secreted the lesser amount are aobsorbed. |
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When is ADH released? |
when low or decreased volume of fluid s detected in the CV system or an increase or decrease of Na in lasma. It regulates the amount of water tht is reabsorbed. |
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an increase of ADH will decrease what? |
urine Production because more water is big absorbed by the kidneys- THis maintains B/P or increase B\P if it is too low. |
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If you are low on fluid the ADH will do what? |
the Secretions wil be more thereby the kidneys will not pee off urine in order to keep fluid balanced. ADH primarily controls water reabsorption. |
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ANP |
Atrial natricuretic peptide- secreted by the right atrium of the heart, telling the kidneys to excrete fluids because of an overload. |
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When is ANP released and why? |
Its released when the heart detects a fluid overload and knows it will have to pump harder so in an attempt to conserve its work and correct the volume overload ANP promotes kidney excretions dierisis of both soduim and water to lower the excessive fluid volume and B/P |
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normal PH |
7.35-7.45 |
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Normal PaCO2 |
measures the carbon dioxide in arterial blood 35-45 |
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HCO3 |
bicarbonate-22-26 |
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PAO2 |
80-100% oxygen in arterial blood |
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mild hypoxemia |
70-79 |
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moderate hypoxemia |
60-69 |
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severely hypoxemia |
below 60 |
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respiratory acidosis |
ph is down / PaCo2 is high |
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Respiratory Alkalosis |
PH is high/ PaCO2 is low |
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Metabolic Acidosis |
when both PH and HCO3 are down |
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Metabolic Alkalosis |
Is when both PH and HCO3 are high |
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Major chemical buffers? |
Na bicarbonate which is a weak base Carbonic Acid which is a weak acid. |
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we have how many more times NaHCO3 than H2CO3? |
20 |
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dysphagia |
is difficulty swallowing |
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dysphasia |
can not talk |
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Special fluids in the body |
CSF-CEREBRAL spinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord GI- gastrointestinal tract Tears- in the eyes Lymph- I'm the lymphatic system. |
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Two main system of the body are |
Nervous system to send and recieve messages and endocrine to release hormones. |
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Carry a charge positive or negative |
Electrolytes |
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Feedback |
The relaying of information |
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Body reverses stimuli to regain balance |
Negative feedback |
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Enhances or intensifies the original stimulus |
Positive feedback |
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Thrist-drink more or drink less based on volume. The thirst center is where? |
Hypothalamus |
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Edema is the most prominent sign of what? |
ECF excess |
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Obstruction of venous permeability more water lies in the capillary bed instead of going into the veins, increased capillary pressures pressure is too hard and will cause fluids to leak out, external pressure-cast or clothing, inflammatory reactions, Loss of protein. |
All causes of edema |
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Edema can be wherein the body? |
Local-small areas or space Systematic-throughtout the body and be symptomatic of medical problems Such as CHF, kidney failure, burns, cancer |
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How is edema treated? |
By the use of diuretics to increase the excretion of fluids and sodium. |
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Acites |
Excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity (abdominal ) |
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Anasarca |
Severe generalized edema |
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Over load is termed EVF |
Fluid volume excess |
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Dehydration |
Is loss of water in the body |
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thirst, dry mucous membrane, oliguria (scant urine production) or not sweating. Fluids shift from interstitial spaces to intravascular spaces. If not corrected the tissues and cells dry up and die. |
IVVD- intravascular volume depletion. |
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Dehydration in the vessels |
Intravascular dehydration |
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Dehydration of the cells |
Entercellular |
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Anuriar |
No urine at all. Kidney fail to excrete it. |
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How do you treat IVVD |
Oral rehydration or iv fluid recitation |
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Solvent |
Liquid |
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Solute |
Solid |
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Solution |
Is the union of a solvent and a solute |
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Two types of solutes |
Electrolytes-Na,K,Mgr produce energy when dissolved Non electrolytes-proteins,glucose,02,C02 |
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Water exerts pressure onto wall/vessel that holds it. This is called? |
Hydrostatic pressure |
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The a,ointment of solutes within the water affects the pressure that it has on the membranes that hold it. This is called? |
Osmotic pressure |
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Solutions that have equal pressure on both sides of the membrane are called? |
Isotonic |
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Fluid is too strong too many solutes too much pressure |
Hypertonic |
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If the fluid is weak less solutes lesser pressure |
Hypotonic |
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Fluids are measured in? |
Osmolarity |
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Isotonic fluids have |
275-295 equal pressure in the vessel that stays there |
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Hypotonic |
Have less than 250 too weak of a pressure |
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Hypertonic |
Have more than 375 too strong of a pressure |
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Hypertonic solutions when introduced to the cell will |
Caused cells to shrink up because it draws fluid out of the cells this is called osmosis |
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Hypotonic solutions will cause cells |
Swell up and may burst also called osmosis |
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Na and CI often United to form NaCl which is |
Salt and is isotonic |
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Electrolytes are used for |
Nerve and muscle functioning Blood clotting Coordination of body activities |
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The organs used for electrolytes balance are |
Kidney Adrenal gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland |
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What determines what can enter and exit the membrane |
Sizing of the opening Amount of osmotic pressure Electrical charge Size of molecule itself |
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Passive transport |
Doesn't use any energy source |
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Active transport |
Requires energy it needs assistance when the molecule is to large |
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Random movement of molecules from a high concentration area to an area of lesser concentration. They just spread out. Occurs in liquid and gas. Most important mechanism of transport |
Diffusion |
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Diffusion of water across semipermeability membrane. Causing cells to shrink or enlarge , this is the pulling pressure |
Osmosis |
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Transport of water and materials from a higher area to a lower concentration the pushing pressure |
Filtration |
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Supports the body strength provides framework, gives shape to the body |
Skeleton support |
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Protects vital organs, protects soft tissues |
Skeleton protection |
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Locomotion through the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments |
Movement of the skeleton |
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Hematopoieis produce what? |
RBCS WBCS PLATELETS |
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Storage of the skeleton |
Provides calcium Provides phosphorus |
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Four classifications of the bones |
Long, short, flat irregular |
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Extended shape, provides body with support and strength, arms legs femur tibia radius |
Long bones |
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Cubed shaped wrist ankles feet hands |
Short bones |
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Board surfaces for muscle attachment cranial ribs shoulder blade hips |
Flat bones |
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Includes small round bones called sesamiod bones kneecap facial, vertebral |
Irregular |
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How many bones are there |
206 |
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Bursae |
Small fluid filled sacs, prevent friction |
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Points at which bones attach to one another |
Joints |
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Tough cords that attack muscle to bone |
Tendons |
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Attaches bones to cartilage |
Ligaments |
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Fibrous connective tissue in joints |
Cartilage |
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Fleshy meat of the body that provides movement |
Muscle |
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Two types of bone tissues |
Compact bone Spongy bone |
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Hard,dense tissue composes the shafts of long bones and outer layers of other bones |
Compact bones |
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Small bony plates |
Spongy bone |
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Located in hollow inner spaces of bones |
Marrow |
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2 types of marrow |
Red marrow found in long bones, bodies of vertebrae Yellow marrow flat bones, found in central cavities of long bones is mostly fat |
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Red marrow manufactures RBCS and WBCS and platelets. This is called |
Hematopoieis |
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We can obtain specimens of red marrow by bone marrow aspirations from |
iliac crest and the sternum |
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Hard, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers most of outside bone , contains vessels,supplies the 02 and nutrients to bone cells. |
Periosteum |
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Diaphysis |
Is the shaft of long bones is hard and compact |
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Epiphysis |
End of long bones, sponge like, covered by a shell of harder bone |
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Diaphysis and epiphysis don't fuse until |
Fully grown |
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Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet, this area is composed of cartilage on the diaphysis side |
Epiphyseal growth plate |
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Bone cells are called what |
Osteocytes |
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Ages 16 to 25 all cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is replaced by |
Bone. You will not grow any taller |
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Bone markings- facets |
Smooth area of the bones. Spinal column are the location for articulation with ribs |
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Bone markings-condyle |
Large rounded projections usually for articulation with another bone. Such as what is formed at the of long bones. |
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Large elevated knob like projections where muscles attach |
Tuberosity |
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Any projection of bone |
Bony process |
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Holes through which vessel,ligaments and nerves pass is called |
A foreman |
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Where vessels and nerves pass |
Transverse foramen |
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Where the spinal cord passes |
Vertebrae foramen |
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Spongy like air spaces in bones allow for less weight weight of bone example head and face |
Sinuses |
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Articulations Points at which bones attach to eachother Makes 100s of motions possible because of the way bones are attached |
Joints |
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Two types of joints |
Syarthoroses Amphiarthorosis |
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Fixed fibrous, immovable, facial bones, skull bones |
Syarthoroses joint |
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Slightly movable, very limited movement vertebral column and symphysis pubis |
Amphiarthorosis joint |
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Inflammation of bursae |
Bursitis |
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Connective tissue organized into system of fibers, provides a slick surface ditch rotation, absorbs shock |
Cartilage |
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Divisions of the skeleton |
Axial skeleton the center or axis of body Skeletal vertebral column and thoracic column |
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Thin fibrous membranes that unite bones of skull |
Sutures |
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Tongue connected in the neck under the jaw |
Hyoid |
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Permits the skull of an infant to overlap to allow for delivery and head growth |
Fontanels |
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Largest closes at age 12 to 18 months of age.between the junction of the two parietal bones and the frontal bone. |
Anterior frontal |
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Cranial and facial bones give the face it's |
Shape |
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Closes at2months months of age and is the junction of the parietal bones and the occipital bone |
Posterior fontanel |
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Cervical vertebrae |
C1-C7 make up the neck C1-atlas-supports skull C2-axis-allows for movement of head |
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Thoracic vertebrae |
T1-T12 make up the upper body where the ribs attach |
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Lumbar vertebrae |
L1-L5 MAKE UP THE SMALL OF THE BACK |
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Sacral vertebrae |
Solid bone of the spinal bone that anchors the pelvis. Children have 5 vertebrae to fuse to create the sacrum |
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Coccyx |
Need the spinal column called the tailbone. Children have 4 vertebrae that fuse. |
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Thunder plates of cartilage that separate vertebrae from one another. They act as a shock absorber for walking, running, jumping, and falling. |
Intervertebral disks |
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Normal spine has 4 curves to help the body |
Cervical curve - forward Thoracic curve - back Lumbar curve- forward Sacral curve-back |
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Humpback Abnormal forward curvature |
Kyphosis |
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Sway back abnormal backward curvature |
Lordosis |
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Snake like some s shape abnormal lateral curvature |
Scoliosis |
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Four pairs of sinuses in the cranial bones, They make the skull lighter and enhance vocal sound |
Frontal-2 Ethmoid-2 Sphenoid-2 Maxillary-2 =8 These sinuses drain into the nasal cavity |
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Sponge like air spaces within the bone |
Sinus |
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Children have how many bones in the vertebral column |
33-34 fusion occurs later during growth and development |
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Adults have how many bones in the vertebral column |
26 |
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Projections that attach to the muscle that bend the spinal column |
Transverse process and spinous process |
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Formed by 12 pairs of flat narrow bones called ribs 12 pairs on each side attached to spine, protects the heart, lungs and great vessels |
Thorax cavity |
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The 1st to 7 rib are the |
True ribs |
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Attached posteriorly to the thoracic spine and anteriorly to the sternum ribs 8,9,10 are called |
The false ribs |
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Ribs 11 and 12 are called |
Floating ribs |
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Upper portion of thorax, flat sword like shaped, made up of 3 sections |
The sternum |
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Muscle characteristics include |
Contractility-shorten and become THICKER extensibility- ability to stretch elasticity- the ability to return to normal length after stretching Irritability- the ability to respond to stimuli |
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Muscles work in pairs when one contracts the other |
Relaxes. |
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Includes the brain and spinal cord |
Central nervous system cns |
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Carry messages to and from spinal cord |
Spinal nerves |
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Involuntary--certain peripheral nerves with special functions, deals with activities that are automatic. Carries impulses from the cns to glands, Involuntary or smooth muscles found in walls of rubes and hollow organs such as the heart lungs and stomach |
Autonomic nervous system |
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Divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
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Produces responses that prepare q person for the fight or flight response. Gets the body ready for extremes Stress and danger |
Sympathetic |
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Normal functions of the body while at rest or not under any stress or danger |
Parasympathetic |
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Thread like projections of the cytoplasm a called |
Nerve fibers |
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Bring impulses to the cell |
Dendrites |
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Conduct impulses away from the cell |
Axons |
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Receives messages from all parts of the body and transmit them to the cns |
Sensory or afferent neuron |
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Transit messages from the cns to all parts of the body, to alter muscle activity or cause glands to secrete |
Motor or efferent |
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Do both sensory and motor |
Mixed nerves |
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Special structures where a stimulus is initially received |
Receptors |
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Are related you the external environment involved in touch, cutaneous or skin pain. |
Exterocepters |
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Carry sensations of position and balance or movement of the body in space |
Proprioceptors |
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Related to the body's internal environment respond to change in the visceral organs- in the stomach, Thrist, hunger, pain |
Interoceptors |
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Muscle glands that carries out a response to stimulus |
Effectors |
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Point of junction from transmission of nerve impulses between the axon of one neuron and Dentrite of another neuron. |
Synapse |
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Chemical substances released from nerve fibers endings that enable impulses to leap the synaptic junction- released by axon only |
Neurotransmitters |
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Epinephrine or adrenalin Norepinephrine or noradrenalin-released in the brain Acetylcholine-realeased at the junction of nerves of Skeletal muscles |
Main neurotransmitters |
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Dopamine Serotonin |
Chemical neurotransmitters |
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All or none law of nerve tissue |
A nerve impulses is either transmitted across a particular synapse or not at all |
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Some axons in the cns, possibly are covered with a fatty insulating material. This is called? |
Melvin shealth |
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Axons covered with melyin are called |
White fibers |
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White fibers are found in the white matter of the Brain and spinal cord injury nerve trunks in all parts of the body. Fibers covered with melyin are conduct impulses |
Faster |
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Myelin ates axons of the pns are covered with a thin outer shealth called? It aids in the repair of damaged nerve fibers. |
Neurolemma |
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If a neuron itself or the nucleus is destroyed it will never be |
Replaced |
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If a neuron is injury it may |
Repair itself however it is a slow process. |
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Cell bodies of gray matter are not cover with? |
Myelin |
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Automatic movement of involuntary response to a particular stimulus, eye blink, knee-jerk, |
Reflex |
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The stimulus enters and leaves at the same level of the spinal cord and does not. React the brain this pathway is called? |
Reflex arc |
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Divided into 3 main parts cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum. Weight about 3lb in the adult male |
Brain |
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Largest part of the Brain |
Cerebrum |
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The cerebrum is divided into a right and left hemispheres by a deep Groove called? |
Longitudinal fissure |
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Outside or surface of cerebrum made of gray matter mostly nerve cells. Has many wrinkles and folds. |
Cerebral cortex |
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Gyri (gyrus) singular |
Means folds |
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Sulci -sulcus(singular) |
Means shallow grooves between the folds |
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The cerebrum is divided into how many lobes? |
4 |
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Larger in humans,contains motor cortex, which directs actions L side of the Brain controls R side of the body. Contains areas important to speech |
Frontal lobe |
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Contains sensory area--impulses from skin are interpretation. Also determines distance, sizes and shapes |
Parietal lobe |
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Contains auditory center relieves and interprets impulses from the ear |
Temporal lobe |
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Visual area, interprets from the retina of the eye. |
Occipital lobe |
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Thinking Memory Consciousness Judgement Emotions |
All cerebral activity |
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Relates more to symbols, and words science and complex math |
Left brain hemispheres |
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Visualizes things in picture form and Is more involved in music and art, athletics |
Right brain hemisphere |
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Includes mid brain, pons, medulla. Connects cerebrum with spinal cord |
Brainstem |
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Located at top of brainstem, just below center of cerebrum. Acts as a relay center for the eye and ear reflexes. Conducts impulses between cerebrum, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Cranial nerves 111 and 1V originate here |
Midbrain |
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Means bridge carries messages between cerebrum and medulla. Connects cerebellum with brain stem. Some reflex actions like regulating respirations are integrated here. V- VIII cranial nerves are here. |
Pons |
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Lies below pons, between pons, and spinal cord, rest on the skulls floor |
Medulla obolongata |
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Medulla obolongata contains vital centers like |
Respiratory center Cardiac center Vasomotor center Also concerned with reflexes like coughing,sneezing, laughing cranial nerves IX THRU XII |
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Second largest part of the Brain. Functions include coordination of vol muscles maintain balance and maintain muscle tone |
Cerebellum |
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Interbank can only be seen by cutting into central part of brain area between cerebral hemisphere and brain stem includes thalamus and hypothalamus |
Diecephalon |
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Is a relay station for nerve stimuli. It sorts out impulses and directs them to particular areas of the cerebral cortex. |
Thalamus |
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Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland are under control of it. Helps control water balance sleep and appetite, emotions like fear and pleasure.influeences heartbeat, contraction, and relaxation of walls of blood vessels,hormones secretion. |
Hypothalamus |