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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water moves by filtration, which is |
Osmosis under pressure |
|
Even is you don't drink liquids, you will still produce urine due to |
Metabolism fluids-10% of urine |
|
What is the role of Osmotic pressure? |
To suck water back into capillaries |
|
The hypothalamus has osmoreceptors, what do they do? |
Check the water concentration in the blood |
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Barorecptors are pressure receptors, that send messages to _________ to double check ________ __________ |
The hypothalamus. /. Fluid balance |
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What action does ADH have |
Tells kidneys to reabsorb water |
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What action does Aldosterone have? |
Tells kidneys to retain sodium, which retains water and excretes potassium |
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What action does PTH have? |
Defense against low calcium levels |
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What action does Calcitonin have? |
Defends against high calcium levels |
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What action does ANH/ANP have? |
Tells kidneys to release water |
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What action does EPO have? |
Promotes the development of Hgb and RBC |
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Fluid volume deficit results in |
Low BP, Na+ concentration rises, osmolarity increases |
|
Fluid volume excess results in |
High BP, Na+ concentration lowers, osmolarity decreases |
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What's the normal range of sodium? |
136-146mEq/L |
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What's the most abundant cation of ECF? |
Sodium |
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Examples of Cations |
Na+ K+ Mg2+. (mag) Ca2+ |
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Example of Anion |
Cl- |
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Sodium is responsible for the electrical activity of |
Muscles and nerve cells |
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How does our body correct Hyponatremia? |
By releasing Aldosterone or makes us thirsty |
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How does our body correct Hypernatremia? |
By releasing ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) Tells kidneys to retain fluid |
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Cations are ______ charged |
Positively |
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What's the normal ranges for Potassium? |
3.8-5.0 mEq/L |
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What's the most abundant cation of ICF? |
Potassium |
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What's the most dangerous of all electrolyte imbalances? |
Potassium imbalance |
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What creates most of the Osmotic pressure in the ICF? |
Potassium |
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What are the to places Angiotensin II goes to work |
Blood vessels and adrenal glands to release Aldosterone |
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What causes Hyperkalemia? |
Kidney failure |
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How can Hyperkalemia be corrected? |
Dialysis |
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What is the ionized Ca+ level ranges? |
4.6-5.5 mEq/L |
|
Calcium is essential for |
Blood clotting |
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What hormone corrects Hypocalcemia? |
PTH |
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What hormone corrects Hypercalcemia? |
Calcitonin |
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What's the most abundant anion in ECF? |
Chloride |
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Normal blood level ranges for Chloride? |
95-103mEq/L |
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pH level is high and Hydrogen level is low- means blood is |
Alkaline or basic |
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pH level is low and Hydrogen level is high means blood is |
Acidic |
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Normal range for the pH of blood? |
7.35-7.45 |
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What are the three systems/mechanisms that regulate Hydrogen and maintain balance? |
Chemical buffer system Respiratory mechanisms Renal mechanisms |
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Describe to the Chemical buffer system |
Small . Always around. Fast but weak |
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Describe the Respiratory mechanism |
Stronger than chemical buffer but slower |
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Describe the Renal mechanism |
Most powerful. Takes the longest |
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What system prevents drastic changes in the pH? |
Chemical Buffer system |
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The Chemical buffer system includes three systems of its own. What are they? |
Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system Protein buffer system |
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The phosphate buffer is important in the regulation of |
pH of blood in the kidneys |
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The _____ buffer system is important in the ECF |
Bicarbonate |
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The _______ buffer system is the most important one in the ICF |
Protein |
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When the Respiratory rate slows, it retains CO2. What does this do to pH? |
Lowers pH- becoming more acidic |
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When the Respiratory rate increases, expelling CO2. What does this do to pH? |
Raises pH- becoming less acidic |
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Explain the Renal mechanism -pH vs Hydrogen |
Less hydrogen = high pH More hydrogen= low pH |
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Hydrogen is external and reabsorbed by the |
Kidneys |
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Acidosis causes _________ of the CNS |
Depression |
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Alkalosis causes __________ of the CNS & PNS |
Irritability |
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Acidosis can cause |
Ketoacidosis |
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When a loss of gastric juices happens- through Suctioning etc. What could happen |
Pt could have alkalosis |
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What does ROME stand for |
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal |
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What are the normal lab ranges for CO2? |
35-45 |
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What are the normal lab ranges for HCO3? |
22-28 |
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Respiratory Acidosis means the pH____, CO2____& the HCO3______ |
Low, high, normal |
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Respiratory Alkalosis means pH___, CO2_____&HCO3______ |
High, low, normal |
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Metabolic Acidosis means pH_____,CO2______&HCO3______ |
Low, normal, low |
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Metabolic aklalosis means pH____,CO2_____&HCO3______ |
High, normal, high |
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ABG stands for |
Arterioles Blood Gases |
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Three functions of the urinary system |
Removes wastes Regulates water and electrolyte balance pH |
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What bone structure protects the kidneys |
Bottom two ribs |
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Where do the ureters enter into the bladder |
Bottom, backside of bladder |
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What glands sit on top of the kidneys? |
Adrenal glands |
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The Renal cortex is the ______ layer of the kidneys |
Outer |
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The Renal medulla are _______ shaped, and are connected to ______ |
Triangle. /. Calyces |
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What are Calyces? |
Passageways for urine, as it travels to the Renal Pelvis |
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A kidney consists of approximately one million Nephrons. What is a Nephron? |
The functional unit of the kidneys where urine is formed |
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Efferent arterioles are much smaller/skinnier than Afferent arterioles, which results in |
An increase in BP |
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The Calyx dumps into the Renal Pelvis then into the ureters then |
Into the bladder |
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The Nephron is responsible for |
Filtration and collection |
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Nephrons are located within the Renal cortex (shell) and the |
Renal medulla (middle) |
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The first part of the kidneys where urine will be present, is the |
Renal calyx |
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The Nephron starts in the Renal cortex and "dips" down into the Renal medullas. The "dips" are called |
The Loop of Henle |
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What does osmolarity mean |
The Osmotic pressure of a solution |
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The glomerulus is very |
Porous |
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Filtration of the Nephron takes places in the |
Glomerus |
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Reabsorption of needed nutrients happens in the |
Proximal tubules |
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The Loop of Henle makes the Medulla |
Salty - to draw out water |
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What hormone dictates how porous the collecting ducts of nephrons are |
ADH |
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Majority of reabsorption happens in the _________ of to the Nephron |
Proximal tubule |
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Is energy used in the Loop of Henle to absorb water into the medulla? |
No- salt in the medulla draws it out |
|
Juxtaglomerular apparatus controls BP, it is located between |
The glomerulus and the distal tubule |
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What is absorbed into the collecting ducts in the medulla? |
Urea |
|
Urea is absorbed to help maintain |
Osmolarity |
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The Efferent arterioles branch off into |
Peritubular capillaries |
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Peritubular capillaries lead in to the ____ _______ |
Renal vein |
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What does Micturition mean |
To pee |
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The ________ _________ ____________ is the involuntary muscle that controls when you release urine |
Internal urethral sphincter |
|
The external urethral sphincter is made up of |
Skeletal muscles- voluntary |
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What is the first process of Glomerular filtration? |
Blood enters glomerulus under high pressure via the Afferent arteriole |
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Since the glomerulus capillaries are very porous, this allows water and small particles to leave the capillaries and enter into |
The Bowman's capsule |
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What is the average Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) per minute |
100-125ml per minute |
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What types of waste products are secreted it of blood into renal filtrate? |
Ammonia, uric acid, meds |
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What does ADH do to BP |
Increases it |
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What does Aldosterone do to BP |
Increases it |
|
What does ANH do to BP? |
Lowers it |
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What does PTH do to BP |
Nothing |
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Hypoxia tells your body to secrete what |
EPO (erythropoietin) |
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Low BP makes the kidneys secrete |
Renin |
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The average amount of urine produced per hour is |
33-83mL |
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The average amount of urine produced per day is |
1-2L a day |
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Average pH of urine is |
6 |
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What is the normal range of pH for urine |
4.5-8 |
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What does finding ketones in a urinalysis signify? |
A shortage of insulin in the blood- the body uses broken down body fat and not glucose |
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Ketones found in urine usually signify |
Type 1 diabetes |
|
What is a Trigone? |
The triangular region at the base of the bladder |
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What two things typically are the result of a high glucose urinalysis? |
Pregnancy or diabetes |
|
Rugae is another word for |
Folds |
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What is the lining of the bladder made up of? |
Mucous transitional Epithelium |
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The wall of the bladder consists of how many layers? |
Three |
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When the bladder fills to approximately 200mL a message is sent to the _______ ________ to release |
Spinal cord |
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In the urinary system, the paired organs are |
Kidneys and ureters |
|
A kidney infection is called |
Nephritis |
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The Renal arteries are branches of the abdominal Aorta, the renal veins empty into |
The inferior vena cava |
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Kidneys eliminate wastes, maintain blood volume and |
Maintain blood pressure |
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The kidneys are able to correct acidosis by excreting |
Hydrogen ions |
|
Kidneys produce urine from |
Blood plasma |
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Ureters carry trying from the kidneys to the |
Bladder |
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When do kidneys produce Epo? |
When there is a need for more RBC |
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Kidneys are located just below |
The diaphragm |
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Small proteins are received by |
Pinocytosis |
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Uric acid comes from the metabolism of |
Nucleic acids |
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ADH directly increases the reabsorption of |
Water |
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ANP increases the excretion of |
Sodium ions |
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Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of |
Sodium ions |
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Renin begins a series of reactions that result in the formation of |
Angiotensin II |
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Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of Aldosterone by the |
Adrenal cortex |
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The substrate of renin is Angiotensin, that's produced by |
The liver |
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The average amount of water loss for the average person, per day is |
2-3 liters |
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The organs that are MOST responsible for maintain blood pH and tissue fluid are |
Kidneys |
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What is the largest water compartment of the body |
Intracellular fluid |
|
Part of the brain that regulates water content in the body, is the |
Hypothalamus |
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Hormone that increases water reabsorption |
ADH |
|
Hormone that increases reabsorption of sodium |
Aldosterone |
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Hormone that increases the excretion of potassium |
Aldosterone |
|
Hormone that increases the excretion of sodium |
ANP |
|
Proteins may act as buffers for either acids or bases because |
They can either pick up or donate an H+ ion |
|
Over hydration will cause urine to have a ______ ________ gravity |
Low specific |
|
Severe acidosis has it's greatest effects on the |
CNS |
|
Edema is abnormal accumulation of |
Tissue fluid |
|
Kidney tubule cells use bicarbonate buffer system to excrete hydrogen ions to help |
Raise blood pH to a normal range |
|
The most important cation in ECF is |
Sodium |
|
The most important cation in ICF is |
Potassium |