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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transcription
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come back
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RNA polymerase
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an enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription
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promoter
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a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA, flanking the start of a gene; instructs RNA polymerase where to start transcribing RNA
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anticodon
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a specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
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aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
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a family of enzymes, at least one for each amino acid, that catalyzes the attchment of an amino acid to its specific tRNA molecule
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ribosome
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facilitate the specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during protein synthesis; P and A sites
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termination codon
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three nucleotides that mark the end of a genetic message
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intron
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the noncoding, kntervening sequence of a coding region in eukaryotic cells
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RNA splicing
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the removal of noncoding portions of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis
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spliceosome
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a complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA; releases an intron and joins two adjacent exons
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Poly-A tail
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during RNA processing, a nucleotide complex at the 3' end of an mRNA molecule that helps inhibit degradation and enhances translation
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missense mutation
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the most common type of mutation invovling a base-pair substitution within a gene that changes a codon, but the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid
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nonsense mutation
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a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
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insertion
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a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucletide pairs to a gene
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frameshift mutation
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a mutation occuring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, thus resulting in improper grouping into codons
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Frederick Griffith
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discoverd transformation by injecting bacteria into mice
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bacteriophage
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viruses that infect bacteria
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
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used radioactive sulfur on phages to conclude that DNA is the hereditary material of viruses
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Erwin Chargaff
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concluded DNA composition is DNA specific and the ratios of A and T and C and G are equal
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Watson and Crick
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built the first molecular model of DNA thanks to X-ray picture by Franklin
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Rosalind Franklin
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the X-ray crystallographer who took the photo that enabled Watson and Crick to deduce the double-helical structure of DNA
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deoxyribose
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the sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than the sugar component of RNA
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purine
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Adenine, Uracil, and Guanine
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pyrimidine
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Cytosine and Thymine
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antiparallel
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describes the two DNA strands; their sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions
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Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
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used heavy isotopes of N and centrifuged DNA from bacteria to support the semi-conservative hypothesis
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replication fork
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a Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing
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helicase
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an enzyme that works at the crotch of the replication fork, untwisting the double helix
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single-strand binding protein
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attach in chains along the unpaired DNA strands, holding the templates straight until new complementary strands can be made
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork in the 5' to 3' direction by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain
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Okazaki fragments
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pieces of the lagging strand
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leading strand
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the new continuous complementary Dna strand synthesized along the template in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
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excision repair
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when a segment of the strand of DNA containing the damage is cut our by one repair enzyme
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