Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 6 essential activities of the Digestive System?
|
Fx:
1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion 3. Mechanical Digestion - No chemical change 4. Chemical Digestion 5. Absorption 6. Defecation |
|
Ingestion
|
Ingestion - taking food into the digestive tract
|
|
Propulsion
|
Prppulsion - swallowing and peristalis
|
|
Mechanical Digestion
|
Mechanical digestion - chewing, mixing, and churning of food
|
|
Chemical Digestion
|
Chemical digestion - catabolic breakdown of food
|
|
Absorption
|
Absorption - movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph
|
|
Defecation
|
Defecation - elimnation of indigestible solid wastes
|
|
Histology of the Alimentary Canal
|
1. Mucosa: villi
2. Sub Mucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa |
|
Mouth
|
Mucosa is Stratified Squamous Epithileal
Muscularis is voluntary |
|
Tongue
|
Muscle covered by Modified Stratified Squamous
|
|
salivary glands
|
Secrete a quart daily
|
|
Functions of the Saliva
|
Cleansing, Moistening, Dissolving, Chemical digestion
|
|
What are the 3 pairs of large glands and functions?
|
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual.
Produce mucous and enzymes |
|
Saliva secretion is stimulated by?
|
Taste, Feel, Smell, Sight, Sound, Thought of food.
|
|
Teeth Dentitions - Deciduous (milk) teeth
|
Incisors (6-8 mos)
Lateral (8-10 mos) Canine (eye tooth) (16-20 mos) Molars -1st molar (10-15 mos) 2nd Molar - (about 2 yr) |
|
Teeth Dentitions - Permanent Teeth
|
Incisors Central (7 yr)
Lateral (8 yr) Canine (eyetooth) (11 yr) Pre Molars (bicuspids) 1st premolar Molars - 1st molar (6-7 yr) 2nd molar (12-13 yr) Third molar (wisdom teeth) 17-25 yr) |
|
Tooth Structure - Crown
|
Crown - Enamal, Dentin, Dentinal tubules, Pulp cavity (contains blood vessels and nerves)
|
|
Tooth Structure - Neck
|
Space between the Crown and the Root
|
|
Tooth Structure - Root
|
Gingiva (gum), Cementum, Root Canal, Periodontal ligament, Apical Foramen, Bone
|
|
Histology of the Esophagus
|
1. Mucosa (contains a stratified squamous epithelium)2. Submucosa (areolar connective tisuue)
3. Lumen 4. Muscularis externa : circular layer; longitudianl layer 5. Adventitia (fibrous connective tissue) |
|
Deglutition - Swallowing
|
Esophagus - Stratified Squamous Epithelium
|
|
Superior muscle of the esophagus is
|
Skeletal
|
|
Inferior muscle of the esophagus is
|
Smooth
|
|
Hiatal Hernia
|
Mentioned in class will edit
|
|
Stomach
|
Volume - about 1 gal, average food time 4 hours (fat longer), has a n extra muscle layer (oblique) for mixing
|
|
Pyloric Sphincter
|
stronger than cardiac valve
|
|
Mucosa :
|
Coll. Epithelieum with gastric glands
|
|
4 cells of the Mucosa
fig. 23-15 |
Chief - Pepsigen
Parietal - HCL and Intrinsic factor Mucous - Mucus Enteroendocrine - Gastrin, Secretin, CCK |
|
Stomach - Protected by?
|
1. Mucus
2. Inactive Enzyme 3. Tight Junctions 4. Rapid cell trunover |
|
Stomach - functions
|
1. Storage
2. Mechanical Digestion 3. Destruction of Bacteria 4. Chemical digestion of proteins 5. Absorption (aspirin, water, sugar and alcohol) 6. Production of Intrinsic factor (vital) |
|
What are the 3 phases of gastric control?
|
1.Cephalic
2.Gastric 3. Intestinal - endogastric reflex and enterogasterone |
|
Small Intestine
|
most digestion and most absorption of food occurs here
|
|
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
|
1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. ILeum |
|
Gallbladder
|
1. Mucosa with folds
2. Right and left hepatic ducts of the liver 3. Common hepatic duct 4. Bile duct and sphincter 5. Cystic duct |
|
Pancreas
|
1. Accessory pancreatic duct
2. Main pancreatic duct and sphincter 3. Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter 4. Major duodenal papilla |
|
Mucosa:
|
Coll. Epi with goblet cells
|
|
mucosas 3 modifications for absorption
|
1. Plicae circulares
2. Villi 3. Microvilli |
|
some enzymes are produced by
|
Microvilli, others by Crypts of Lieberkuhn between the villi
|
|
Where are Peyer's Patches found?
|
ileum
|
|
most digested food enters through?
|
Capillaries of Villi
|
|
Most larger fatty acids enter through?
|
Lymph via Villi Lacteals
|
|
Liver
|
largest of the intestinal organs (2 lbs)
|
|
liver has many functions
|
the liver has 200 functions including storage, metabolism, detoxification. digestive role is relatively minor
|
|
what does the liver secrete for fat emulsification
|
bile
|
|
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
|
Right, Left, Quadrate and Caudate
|
|
Microscopy anatomy of the liver
|
Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
|
|
Gall Bladder
|
for concentration and storage of bile
|
|
Gall bladder is stimulated by?
|
Cholecystokinin
|
|
Pancreas:
|
remember (insulin and glucagon)
|
|
Pancreas HCO3
|
stimulated by secretin
|
|
Pancreas Enzymes
|
stimulated by pancreozymin
|
|
Pancreas secretion
|
secreting cells are the cells of acini
|
|
Large intestine (colon)
|
5ft x 2 inches
|
|
Large intestine mucosa is
|
plain columnar with no villi
(anal canal is stratified squamous) |
|
Large intestine longitudinal muscle is in
|
3 bands, teniae coli ( forms Haustra)
|
|
large intestine has no secretion of?
|
enzymes, however there is a lot of mucus.
|
|
Large intestine main function?
|
for water and vitamin absorption
bacteria make Vitamins k, B12, etc. |
|
Movements of the Large intestine?
|
Haustral Churning, Mass movements (about 3 times daily), move feces into rectum and accompanied by defacatory desire.
|
|
Anal Canal has 2 sphincters?
|
Internal - involuntary
External - voluntary |
|
defecation occurs as a result of?
|
open anal sphincters and abdominal pressure. Close epiglotis (Valsava)
|
|
feces primarily consists of?
|
Water, Cellulose, Mucus and Bacteria
|
|
Chemical digestion
|
Pasta, grains etc. 40-80% of diet primarily for energy excess glygogen 4cal/gm
STRIVE FOR FIVE |
|
Chemical Digestion
|
2 amino acids/ 8 essential structural and functional proteins.
|
|
Most animal proteins are complete?
|
which means they have all the essential Amino acids
|
|
most plant proteins are incomplete?
|
corn lacks Lysine and isoleucine.
(corn and beans) together they are ok |
|
most plant proteins are incomplete?
|
beans lack tryptophan and methionine (corn and beans) together they are ok
|
|
most plant proteins are incomplete?
|
Pure vegetarians need to be careful in planning their diet
|
|
most plant proteins are incomplete?
|
excess protein is deaminated and used for energy
|
|
most plant proteins are incomplete?
|
15% protein is enough or 0.8 gm/kg body weight
|
|
Chemical Digestion
|
30% or less of diet energy and functional Sat vs Unsat
|
|
Chemical Digestion
|
Cholesterol 300mg or less/day - not a dietary essential
|
|
Stages of Metabolism?
|
Stage 1 - digestion in GI tract lumen
|
|
Stages of Metabolism?
|
Stage 2 - Anabolism and formation of catabolic intermediates within tissues cells
|
|
Stages of Metabolism?
|
Stage 3 - Oxidative breakdown in mitochondriaof tissue cells
|
|
Krebs Cycle:
|
NADH=3 ATP/FADH=2 ATP
|
|
A WELL-BALANCED DIET SHOULD
|
FURNISH PLENTY OF ALL VITAMINS & MINERALS
|
|
WOMEN WHO
|
MENUSTRATE, ARE PREGNANT, OR WHO ARE LACTATING NEED SPECIAL CONSIDERATION
|
|
VITAMINS A, C, & E
|
ARE SIGNIFICANT ANTIOXIDANTS, THUS ANTICANCER
|
|
DIETS RICH IN
|
CABBAGE, BROCCOLI, & BRUSSELS SPROUTS ARE RECOMMENDED
|
|
VITAMIN: A
|
EYES,EPITHELIUM,ANTIOXIDANT USUALLY YELLOW
|
|
VITAMIN: D
|
STEROID,MADE IN SKIN,Ca & P USAGE
|
|
VITAMIN: E
|
ANTIOXIDANT
|
|
VITAMIN: K
|
BLOOD CLOTTING
|
|
VITAMIN: C
|
MOST EASILY DESTROYED,CITRUS, ETC. COLLAGEN, PRODUCTION, HEALING, ANTIOXIDANT
|
|
VITAMIN: B1
|
KREBS' CYCLE, 3C TO 2C
|
|
VITAMIN: B2
|
KREBS' CYCLE, FAD
|
|
VITAMIN: Niacin
|
KREBS' CYCLE, INHIBITS CHOLESTEROL
|
|
VITAMIN: B6
|
AMINO ACID METABOLISM
|
|
VITAMIN: PANTOTHENTIC ACID
|
KREBS' CYCLE, PART OF CoE A
|
|
VITAMIN: BIOTIN
|
KREBS' CYCLE, DEAMINATION
|
|
VITAMINS: B12
|
DNA SYNTHESIS,PERNICIOUS ANEMIA,I.F. FOR ABSORPTION, STORED IN LIVER
|
|
VITAMINS: FOLIC ACID
|
DNA SYNTHESIS
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: Ca
|
2% BODY WEIGHT,1/2 TOTAL, CLOTTING, BONES/TEETH, N & M ACTIONS, DEFICIENCES, MILK
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: P
|
1/4 TOTAL, NUCLEOTIDES, BONES/TEETH, INTRACELLULAR ANION
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: K
|
INTRACELLULAR CATION,OSMOSIS,N & M ACTIONS
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: S
|
PROTEINS
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: Na
|
EXTRACELLULAR CATION, OSMOSIS, EDEMA, HYPERTENSION
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: C1
|
EXTRACELLULAR ANION,HCl
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: Fe
|
HEMOGLOBIN,DEFICIENCES (ANEMIA)
|
|
MINERALS FACTS: I
|
THYROID,IODIZED SALT
|
|
Mineral Facts: Zn
|
ENZYMES, WOUND HEALING, ALSO FOR ENZYME ACTIVATION, ETC
|
|
Mineral Facts: NEED SMALL AMOUNTS OF--
|
Mg, Mn, Cu, Co, F, & OTHERS
|