Antimicrobial Drugs

Front 1

Penicillins
Family:
Work on:
Targets:
Inactivated by:
Semisynthetics:

Back 1

Family: Beta-lactam

Work on: Gram +, some Gram -, and some Chlamydiae

Work by: interfering with cell wall synthesis; cause lysing

Inactivated by: beta-lactamases (penicillinase)

Semisynthetic: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin

Front 2

Sulfonamides
Work on:
Targets:
Example:

Back 2

Work on: Gram +, -

Targets: specific metabolic reactions
Out-compete essential folic acid components for binding sites in a bacterial enzyme. Prevents acid synthesis and DNA replication.

Example: sulfanilamide

Front 3

Isoniazid
Works on:
Targets:

Back 3

Works on: mycobacteria

Targets: interferes with cell wall synthesis

Front 4

Quinolones
Works on:
Derivatives and what they treat:
Example:

Back 4

Work on: Gram +, -

Derivatives and what they treat: fluoroquinonlones are used to treat urinary tract infections

Example: Ciprofloxacin

Front 5

Cephalosporins
Family:
Alternative to:
Works on:
Target:

Back 5

Family: Beta-lactam

Alternative to: Penicillin

Works on: Broader spectrum than penicillin

Target: cell wall synthesis

Front 6

Monobactams
Family:
Works on:

Back 6

Family: Beta-lactam

Works on: aerobic, gram - rods

Front 7

Carbapenems
Works on:
Target:
Example:

Back 7

Works on: Gram +, -, broad spectrum

Target: cell wall synthesis

Example: Imipenem

Front 8

Vancomycin
Works on:
Targets:
Side effects:

Back 8

Works on: Gram +, staphylococcus

Targets: cell wall synthesis

Side effects: damage to ears and kidneys

Front 9

Bacitracin
Family
Targets:
Note:
Component of:

Back 9

Family: polypeptide

Targets: interferes with transport of cell wall precursors through the cell membrane

Note: toxic internally, used topically

Component of: Neosporin

Front 10

Polymyxin
Targets:
Examples:
Component of:

Back 10

Targets: increase membrane permeability of gram - rods

Examples: Neomycin, polymyxin B

Component of: Neopsorin

Front 11

Aminoglycosides
Works on:
Target:
Examples and uses:

Back 11

Works on: Mycobacteria, gram -

Target: Attaches to bacterial ribosomes, blocking translation of RNA into proteins

Examples and Uses: Streptomycin-tuberculosis
Gentamicin-urinary
Neomycin-intestinal and ointment
Kanamycin-wounds

Front 12

Chloramphenicol
Works on:
Reserved for:
Side effects:

Back 12

Works on: wide variety of bacteria and some rickettsia and fungi

Reserved for: meningitis, cholera, typhoid and typhus fevers, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Side effects: aplastic anemia and gray syndrome

Front 13

Tetracycline
Works on:
Targets:
Example:
Side Effects:

Back 13

Works on: gram +,-, Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae

Targets: protein synthesis

Example: Doxycycline

Side Effects: Destroy intestinal microbiota and cause staining of teeth

Front 14

Erythromycin
Family:
Works on:

Back 14

Family: macrolide
Works on: gram +

Front 15

Clindamycin
Type:
Targets:
Side Effects:

Back 15

Type: semisynthetic

Targets: protein synthesis

Side effects: Pseudomembranous colitis can occur if microbiota are killed, allowing Clostridium difficile to flourish

Front 16

Streptogramins
Work on:
Target:

Back 16

Work on: Gram +

Target: Protein synthesis

Front 17

Oxazolidiones
Work on:
Target:

Back 17

Work on: gram +, including Staphylococcus aureus
Target: protein synthesis

Front 18

Rifampin
Targets:
Effective against:
Side effect:

Back 18

Targets: RNA synthesis

Effective against: tuberculosis, leprosy, meningitis

Side effect: can cause liver damage

Front 19

Four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Back 19

Antibiotic inactivation
Target modification
Active export of antibiotics
Alternate metabolic pathway

Front 20

Misuse of antibiotics

Back 20

Unnecessarily large doses, Promotion by companies, patient pressure, alternative to costly tests, patients don't finish, livestock

Front 21

Alternatives to antibiotics

Back 21

new targets in pathogens (lipopolysaccharides), new and unique antibiotics, bacteriophages, education

Front 22

Who discovered chemotherapy? What did they discover in addition

Back 22

Paul Ehrlich originated selective toxicity

Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan) against syphilis spirochete

Front 23

Chemotherapeutic index

Back 23

toxic dose/therapeutic dose