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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What determines blood pressure? |
Cardiac output x peripheral resistance |
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What makes up cardiac output |
Stroke volume and heart rate |
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What makes up peripheral resistence? |
Viscosity x length/ radius |
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What makes MAP increase |
heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistence |
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Normal bp range |
< 120/80 |
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Terms for unknown cause |
Essential, idiopathic, primary |
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How does HTN damage the heart? |
HTN increases afterload, which is the amount of strength needed for the left ventricle to push blood into the aorta. This leads to heart failure. |
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How does HTN damage blood vessels? |
Atherosclerosis, thromboemboli, cerebral hemorrhage, MI, aneurysm |
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How does HTN damage the kidneys? |
Is damages the Glomerulus which leads to protein urea (protein in the urine). |
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What does HTN do to eyes? |
Obscured vision |
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HTN contributors |
Genetics, aging, ethnicity. Also, men and African Americans have a higher risk. |
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HTN contributors |
Genetics, aging, ethnicity. Also, men and African Americans have a higher risk. |
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Lifestyle modifications |
Stop smoking Reduce stress Exercise DASH diet |
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What foods are in the DASH diet? |
Low salt More Fruits and veggies Leafy geeens Potatoes with skin V8 Celery Omega 3 |
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What does a high K+ diet do for you? |
Causes vasodilation Opens K+ channels in smooth muscles Prevents Na+ retention |
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What does renin do? |
Increases BP |
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Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
1. Angiotensinogin 2. Renin turns Angiotensinogin into angiotensin 1. 3. ACE turns angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 |
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What does angiotensin 2 do? |
Vasoconstriction Increases ADH Increases aldosterone Increases salt and water appetite |
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Benazepril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Captopril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Enalapril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Lisinopril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Quinipril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Ramipril |
ACE inhibitor |
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Icatibant |
Bradykinin B2 blocker |
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Hereditary angioedema |
Deficiency in C1 inhibitor |
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What are the symptoms of Hereditary angioedema? |
Endothelial retraction (edema) Vasodilation Dry cough |
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What does C1 inhibitor do to bradykinin? |
C1 inhibitor inhibits kallikrein which makes bradykinin. If there isn’t enough C1 inhibitors, then there will be a lot of bradykinin. |
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What does C1 inhibitor do to bradykinin? |
C1 inhibitor inhibits kallikrein which makes bradykinin. If there isn’t enough C1 inhibitors, then there will be a lot of bradykinin. |
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Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) mechanism |
When blood osmolarity is high (blood is too salty) ADH is released and increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. When BP is too low, ADH is released and vasoconstricts. |
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ACE I ADR’s |
Hyperkalemia Nonproductive cough (high bradykinin levels) DONT TAKE WHEN PREGNANT (causes infant renal failure, congenital malfunctions, and death) |
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What are ARB’s? |
Angiotensin receptor blockers |
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Losartan |
ARB |
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Eprosartan |
ARB |
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Valsartan |
ARB |
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Irbesartan |
ARB |
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Irbesartan |
ARB |
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Candesartan |
ARB |
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Olmesartan |
ARB |
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Telmisartan |
ARB |
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Azilsartan |
ARB |
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Aliskiren |
Renin Inhibitor |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Terazosin |
Alpha blocked |
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Terazosin |
Alpha blocked |
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How to alpha blockers treat HTN? |
Blocking alpha 1 will cause vasodilation which decreases peripheral resistance |
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Terazosin |
Alpha blocked |
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How to alpha blockers treat HTN? |
Blocking alpha 1 will cause vasodilation which decreases peripheral resistance |
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How do beta blockers treat HTN? |
Beta blockers on the heart and kidney reduce renin release.
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Terazosin |
Alpha blocked |
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How to alpha blockers treat HTN? |
Blocking alpha 1 will cause vasodilation which decreases peripheral resistance |
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How do beta blockers treat HTN? |
Beta blockers on the heart and kidney reduce renin release.
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Atenolol |
Beta 1 selective blocker |
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Chlorthalidone |
Thiazide diuretic DOC of the diuretics because it’s longer acting and poses less risk of death |
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Mechanism of diuretics |
Increase urine flow Vasodilate smooth muscle at low doses Retain K+ Loop diuretics are used when there is reduced kidney function |
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Clonidine |
Alpha 2 agonist Decreases NE release in brain stem |
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Doxazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Prazosin |
Alpha blocker |
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Terazosin |
Alpha blocked |
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How to alpha blockers treat HTN? |
Blocking alpha 1 will cause vasodilation which decreases peripheral resistance |
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How do beta blockers treat HTN? |
Beta blockers on the heart and kidney reduce renin release.
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Atenolol |
Beta 1 selective blocker |
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Meropeolol |
Beta 1 selective blocker |
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Propranolol |
Beta nonselective blocker |
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Carvedilol |
Beta and alpha blocker for heart failure patients |
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CCB |
Ca++ channel blockers Blood vessels can’t constrict without Ca++ |
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CCB |
Ca++ channel blockers Blood vessels can’t constrict without Ca++ |
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Dilitiazem |
Nondihydropyridine CCB Works on artery’s and heart Decreases heart rate and force |
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CCB |
Ca++ channel blockers Blood vessels can’t constrict without Ca++ |
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Dilitiazem |
Nondihydropyridine CCB Works on artery’s and heart Decreases heart rate and force |
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Verapamil |
Nondihydropyridine CCB Works on arteries and heart Decreases heart rate and force |
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CCB |
Ca++ channel blockers Blood vessels can’t constrict without Ca++ |
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Dilitiazem |
Nondihydropyridine CCB Works on artery’s and heart Decreases heart rate and force |
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Verapamil |
Nondihydropyridine CCB Works on arteries and heart Decreases heart rate and force |
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Amlodipine |
Dihydropyridine CCB Only works on arteries (not heart) Arterial vasodilation |
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Diazoxide |
Vasodilator Used for management of hypertensive emergencies |
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Diazoxide |
Vasodilator Used for management of hypertensive emergencies |
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Nitroprusside |
Vasodilator Used for management of hypertensive emergencies Given through IV |
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ARB’s MOA |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers block the AT-1 receptors that angiotensin II attaches to. This will block the action of angiotensin II. |
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Epleronone |
Class: selective aldosterone blockers MOA: blocks the actions of aldosterone in the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and brain. This reduces BP. Indication: routine treatment of HTN and post MI |
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Bosentan |
Treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Blocks receptors of the hormone endothelin. (Blocks vasoconstriction) |
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What should African American take for HTN? |
Thiazide diuretic or CCB |
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When should someone <80 yrs old start medication for HTN? |
If they’ve had BP at 140/90 or higher on two occasions |
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When should someone >80 yrs old start medication for HTN? |
If they’ve had BP at 150/90 or higher on two occasions. |
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What should someone with diabetes take for HTN? |
ACE Inhibitor or ARB |
