Anthropology 173 Mid Term 2

Front 1

Size and social systems of COLOBUS in Africa

Back 1

Big
single-male polygyny
multi-male polygyny

Front 2

Size and social systems of GUENONS in Africa

Back 2

Medium
Monogamy (very rare)
Single-male polygyny

Front 3

Size and social systems of BABOONS in Africa

Back 3

Big to very big
single male harem (gorillas+gelada)

Front 4

Old World Monkeys: Africa

Back 4

Macaques and Leaf Monkeys (or Langurs)

Front 5

Old World Monkeys: Asia

Back 5

Guenons
Mangabeys
Baboons
Colobus

Front 6

Natal group

Back 6

the group an individual was born into

Front 7

Female resident groups

Back 7

females remain in the groups they are born into, males leave (e.g. baboons, macaques)

Front 8

Non-female resident groups

Back 8

females leave their natal groups and join unrelated females (e.g. spider monkeys, Howlers, chimpanzees, gorillas). Males in the group may or not be related.

Front 9

Matrilineal groups

Back 9

social systems based on females that are related through maternal descent (e.g. baboons and macaques)

Front 10

Matrilines

Back 10

within a matrilineal group, a set of closer related individuals, often mother, daughters, granddaughters. A group may contain more than one matriline. Matrilines can be related to each other.

Front 11

Rank inheritance in females

Back 11

daughters rank directly below mother, no matter how “good” the daughters are.

Front 12

Age-related rank:

Back 12

female rank by age

Front 13

Monkeys and prosimians:
Who stays? Male or Female?

Back 13

females stay and males leave (mostly)

Front 14

Social system 5b Community with fission and fusion of parties – female bonded
WHY? +Example

Back 14

females group to cooperatively defend bigger food sources.

Males can no longer guard more if cooperate with relatives, so solitary
- pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo

Front 15

Social system 5a Community with fission and fusion of parties – male bonded
Why? +Example

Back 15

Females scattered but overlapping as food sources vary but females cannot always be together to defend food.

One male can guard more if cooperate with relatives.

Get separate females with cooperative males: common chimpanzee and spider monkeys

Front 16

Apes... Who stays? Who Leaves?

Back 16

the females leave and the males stay.

Front 17

Polyandry
Who? Why?

Back 17

Female food stressed especially during raising offspring, and care from more than one male necessary to raise offspring.

Tamarins and Marmosets

Front 18

Social system 2. Monogamy
Who?

Back 18

Many small New World primates

Includes Night monkey and Titi and many of the marmosets and tamarins

A few Old World:
Guenons (monkeys), gibbons and siamang (apes)

Front 19

Social System of Oranguatan

Back 19

Noyau

Front 20

Fisher’s hypothesis

Back 20

1. high investing sex (females) selects lower investing sex (males) for mates according to some preferential trait.
2.trait will spread until decrease in survivability counter-balances sexual attractiveness

Front 21

Handicap Hypothesis

Back 21

high investing sex (females) selects lower investing sex (males) according to some trait that is costly to produce so that the trait shows male quality in surviving and reproduction

Front 22

Quality of Offspring (Trivers-Willard) Model

Back 22

1.Poor Quality Offspring: produce a female with a good chance of reproducing rather than a poor quality male who will not reproduce.
2. Good Quality: produce a male that has a high reproductive potential rather than a female whose reproductive potential is limited.

Front 23

Competition at Home (LRC) Model

Back 23

•Subordinates: make sons who leave and can potentially get high rank elsewhere and less daughters to compete and inherit low rank,
•Dominants: make daughters who inherit high rank and be partners.

Front 24

Monogamy

Back 24

one male-one female. May mate for life or for season

Front 25

One-Male Polygyny

Back 25

One male in a group with several females

Front 26

Polyandry

Back 26

one female with more than one male

Front 27

Noyau

Back 27

one male overlaps the territory of several females, but all spend most of their time alone and usually only come together to mate.

Front 28

Multi-Male Polygyny

Back 28

many males mate with many females

Front 29

Harems

Back 29

one male with many females, aggressively maintained by male

Front 30

Types of Intrasexual Male-Male Competition

Back 30

Sperm Competition
Infanticide
Combat

Front 31

H. Carl Gerhardt

Back 31

Studied female choice in gray tree frogs.

Front 32

List 3 reasons for a female to choose a specific mate (FEMALE CHOICE)

Back 32

1. Better genes for offspring
2. Benefit directly through acquisiton of resources
3. Preexisting sensory biases

Front 33

List two females dominant primates

Back 33

Lemurs
Bonobos

Front 34

Sexual Cycle

Back 34

The time of ovulation through the time of menstruation

Front 35

Reproductive Cycle

Back 35

The time of fertilization to the end of lactation

Front 36

Two ways females refuse mates

Back 36

Sitting Down
Avoidance of the suitor

Front 37

4 male counter strategies to female choice

Back 37

o Sneakiness
o Infanticide
o Rape
o The low-ranking friend

Front 38

What are 2 things females are choosing for?

Back 38

Parental care
Sexy son/handicap

Front 39

Two reasons why females would choose to mate with multiple males

Back 39

1. Confuse paternity to stop infanticide
2. Generate more male investment.

Front 40

Three reasons to have sex for nonreproductive purposes

Back 40

o Eases tensions
o Builds social bonds
o Fun!!!

Front 41

Receptivity

Back 41

External swelling signals that females are receptive

Front 42

Proceptivity

Back 42

Females actively seeking sex

Front 43

Males in monogamous systems exhibit
______-sized testes and ______ penises

Back 43

Males in monogamous systems exhibit
medium-sized testes and small-medium basic penises.

Front 44

Males in a single-male or harem system exhibit _____-sized testes and ______ penises

Back 44

Males in a single-male or harem system exhibit small-sized testes and small basic

Front 45

Males in a multi-male system exhibit _____-sized testes and _______ penises

Back 45

Males in a multi-male system exhibit HUGE testes and large complex penises.

Front 46

The anthropoid order is divided into two main groups, which are ______ and _____

Back 46

Platyrrhines and catarrhines

Front 47

Catarrhines

Back 47

Narrow noses
Monkeys of Old World and apes and humans

Front 48

Platyrrhines

Back 48

Broad flat nosed Monkeys
New World

Front 49

Lesser Apes

Back 49

Gibbons and siamangs

Front 50

Great apes

Back 50

Orangutans, gorillas, chimps

Front 51

Potential Reproductive Success

Back 51

Number of surviving offspring that could potentially be produced by an individual (number of eggs, number of ejaculations).

Front 52

Variance in Reproductive Success

Back 52

Difference between members of the same sex in how much of the reproductive potential each realizes differences in how many offspring each individual produces relative to each other.

Front 53

Bateman

Back 53

Predicted that sexual selection (variation in mating success-will usually be a more potent force in the evolution of males than in the evolution of females. Tested this hypothesis on fruit flies.

Front 54

pseudo reproduction

Back 54

post-partum estrous that occurs in many species when an infanticidal male new-comer is around

Front 55

Dispersal

Back 55

Processes by which a species maintains or expands the distribution of a population.