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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the five types of Adaptive Strategies? |
Foraging (Hunter/Gatherer) Agriculture Horticulture Pastoralism Industrialism |
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What kind of Adaptive Strategy did every culture begin with? |
Foraging |
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What is the difference between Agriculture & Horticulture? |
Horticulture is growing just enough for your own needs. Agriculture is mass production and the excess production is sold. |
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How long ago did Hunter Gatherers move to Agriculture? |
10,000 years ago. |
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How long ago did Industrialism really begin as an adaptive strategy? |
200 years ago. |
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What is the main force shaping culture? |
Economy |
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Describe a Band. |
* Related by kin * Less than 100 people * Mobile * Men hunt, women gather * Egalitarian (Prestige/Equality) Us vs. Bill Gates, equal?? * Marriage outside the tribe - Exogamy * The rich tend to have political connections |
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What is Eve's Apple? |
The idea of "Hey guys, lets try agriculture instead of being hunter/gatherers. We can stay put, instead of migratory hunters, we can be sedentary cultivators, and take the divisions of labor, wealth and prestige that go with it. |
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What is Horticulture? |
Rudimentary tools, land not maximized. Stability in the diversity of crops. lower population. Not maxed out, that isn't the point. |
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What is Agriculture? |
* Intensive/excess production. * Maximizing land and irrigation. * More labor ( including domestic animals) more effort, more organization, more obedience, more rules, more fights * Less diversity of crops. Stability in reliability of crops (dependability) * High population density, more disease * Less biological diversity |
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What are the two types of Cultivation? |
Horticulture & Agriculture |
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What is Pastoralism? |
* Herding as main subsistence * Nomads all move * Transhumance: only some move, other remain behind in permanent settlements *Winter - Low Summer - High |
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What is Economy? |
The system of production, distribution and consumption. |
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What is Mode of Production? |
How the economic system is organized and controlled. This begins social stratification, he who controls the "mode" makes the rules. |
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What are two modes of production? |
* Capitalist mode = money/taxes (USA) * Kin based mode = obligation and tribute |
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What is the Means of Production? |
* Skill, tools, labor * Land, technology |
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Who/What controls the Means of Production? |
* Hereditary or marriage * Accessibility of fertile lands * Concepts of ownership * Access to tools, knowledge |
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What is Subsistence? |
What we need to survive |
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Where do the "fruits of our labors go"? |
* Subsistence * Replacement (things that are broken or need to be replenished) * Social (friends, family, neighbors) * Ceremonial (weddings, funerals) * Rent (Taxes etc.) |
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For an individual, what does it mean to Maximize? |
* Showing off wealth * Prestige (Potlatch) * Pleasure/Comfort * Social Harmony (Gross National Happiness) |
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What are the different forms of Distribution/Exchange? |
* The Market Principle * Redistribution * Reciprocity
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What is the Market Principle? |
Supply & Demand Today, this principle dominates |
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What is Redistribution? |
When goods and services move from the local level to the center to be shared among all. Tribute to the Chief. |
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What are the four types of Reciprocity? |
* Generalized * Balanced * Negative * Silent Trade |
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What is Generalized Reciprocity? |
Giving something to someone else and expecting nothing immediate in return. Close knit groups No thank you's are necessary |
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What is Balanced Reciprocity? |
Giving something with the expectation of receiving at some point. Between more distantly related people. Trust exists but a record is kept. Ex: Whimpy from Popeye: i will gladly pay you Thursday... |
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What is Negative Reciprocity? |
Trade between strangers, immediate payment must be made. Being taken advantage of is expected. Ex: Used cars, cattle rustling |
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What is Silent Trade? |
Done to avoid negative reciprocity Ex: Pygmys trade with farmers, leave items in a trading place & others swap for their goods |
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What is Potlatch? |
Redistribution, Reciprocity, Prestige and Socio-Economic "leveling" in action. In an environmentally "rich" area, the sedentary foragers with extra "stuff" (top of the Totem Pole) would put on a Potlatch. Putting out their extra stuff, excessiveness obvious to everyone, those who didn't have such a good year (bottom of the Totem Pole) attend and take goods. It is all about Prestige and future balanced reciprocity instead of profit and hoarding. An example of conspicuous consumption. |
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How does Prestige relate to Economics? |
How does your culture demonstrate prestige with "stuff"? Extra stuff, show it off, or give it away? Which way better balances society? |