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67 Cards in this Set
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Subkingdom parazoa |
Includes the sponges, are set apart by their anatomical simplicity from all other animal phylum's |
Beside the animals |
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Subkingdom eumetozoa |
Details of embryonic development and other evidence tend to support a theory of an independence origin from sponges - they have been divided into two types based on body symmetry 1) branch radiata 2) branch bilateral |
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Branch radiata |
A radial animal have a top and a bottom or an oral and aboral side,but no front and back and no left and right |
Consist of jelly fish |
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Branch bilateral |
Has not only a top and bottom, but it also has head (anterior) end and a tail (posterior) end, and a left and right |
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Cephalization |
An evolutionary trend toward concentration of sensory equipment |
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Development and body plan |
Early in development the animals of the branch bilateria, the embryo becomes triple layered |
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Primary growth layer |
Concentric layers that form the various tissues and organs of the body as development progress |
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Ectoderm |
Gives rise to the outer covering of the animal, and in some animal phyla, to the central nervous system |
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Mesoder |
The germ layer that forms the muscles and most other organs between the gut and the outer covering of the animal |
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Endoderm |
The inner most germ layer, lines the primitive gut, or also know as the archent eron, and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and its out pocketing, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates |
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Acoelomates |
Animals without cavities between the gut (alimentary canal) and the outer bodies wall |
Animals with solid bodies |
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Pseudocoelom |
Cavity isn't completely lined by the messoderm |
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Coelomates |
Animals with a true coelom. It is a body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm |
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Protostome-deuterostom dichotomy |
The coelomate phyla can be divided into two distinct evolutionary lines , on the basis of the mode of coelom formation and other differences in the embryology 1) protostomes line 2) deutrostom |
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Protostome line |
Includes annelide , mollustes, and arthropods |
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Deuterostom |
Include ectinodermis and chordates among the phyla of this group |
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Subkingdom parazoa |
-simple multicellular animals - water is kept moving by the action of flagellated cells that line the spongocoel - each collar cell is equipped with tiny collars that surround the base of the flagellum |
Phylum porifera: sponges |
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Phylum porifera |
Two layers of cells that are separated by a gelatinous region called the mesophyll. The mesophyll contains cells called amoebocytes which have many functions, they take food from water and from choanocytes, digest it and carry nutrients to other cells |
Sponges |
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Phylum cnidaria |
-class hydrozoa - class scyphozoa -class cubozoa -class anthrozoa They all have stinging cells called cnidocytes, which function as a defence mechanism and as a way to capture there prey. They have mouth which lead into the gastrovascular cavity. They have two definite tissue layers 1) the outer epidermis 2) the inner gastrodermis They have two body shapes 1) the polyp 2) the Medusa |
Jelly fish |
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Class Hydrozoa |
It lives attached to a rock, twig, or leaf, by a pedal disk of cells. At the outer end they have a mouth which connect to the gasytrovascular cavity |
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Class scyphozoa |
Largest jelly fish belong to the genur cyanea. The Medusa is the more common form |
Jelly fish |
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Class anthozoa |
They occur only as polyp. They live as solitarybor colonial forms and they secret hard external skeleton. Each is built on the remains or previous generations |
Corals |
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Phylum ctenophora |
They are considered the largest to use cilia for locomotion. The tentacles beat adhesive structure called colloblasts |
Comb jellies |
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Phylum platyhelminthes |
Flat worms have gastrovascular cavities with only one opening. There are four classes 1) class plathelminther 2) class turbellaria 3) class termatoda 4) class cestodea |
Flat worms |
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Class turbella |
Are free-living. Planarians are canivorous -trapping small animals. The digestive system consist of one opening (mouth) a pharynx and a branched intestine. It can project its pharynx outward through the mouth to suck up small prices of prey. Reproduce by constricting at the middle and splitting |
Common american planarian |
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Class termatoda |
Have 1 or more suckers with which they cling to the host |
Flukes |
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Class cestodea |
Highly specialized for their parasitic mode. Suckers or hooks on the head (called a scolex) which enables the parasite to maintain its attachment to the host intestine . consist of a long chain of segments called prottids |
Tape worm |
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Phylum nemertea |
Non parasitic. There most remarkable organ is the probascis, a long hollow muscular tube that can be everted from their anterior of their body for use for capturing food or seizing |
Probiscis worms |
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Phylum nematoda |
They belong to the pseudocolmate. They lack circular muscles, |
Round worms |
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Phylum rotifera |
They have a crown of cilia on the anterior end. Have a complete digestive tract. Produce cells called "parthogenisis" produce degenerate males |
Wheel animals |
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Phylum mullusca |
- Have a muscular foot for movement - a visceral mass containing most of the internal organ - a mantle which is a heavy fold of tissue that craps over the visceral mass, and may secret a shell - radula used to scrape up food - there sexes are separated by gonads |
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopus, and squid |
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Class gastropoda |
Well developed head with tentacles. They have torsion which results from one side of the body developing faster than the other making the body for a U shape |
Snails and their relatives |
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Phylum cordata |
Tunicate Lancelets Vertebrates |
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Subphylum urchordateb |
Sea squirts an there relatives. The adults are barrel shaped sessile marine animals. They have two opening 1) incurrent siphone 2) excurrent siphone |
Tunicate (no backbone) |
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Subphylum cephalochordata |
Widely distributed in shallow seas. They have a blade like shape, closely resemble the idealized cordate |
Lancelets (no backbone) |
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Subphylum vertebrata |
Have there own features 1) special covering called skin 2) spinal column 3) closed circulatory system 4) a pair of kidneys to remove waste from the blood 5) the brain is encased in some kind of skull 6) endocrine glandular system is distributed throughout the body. This helps regulate physiology and behavior , by meaning of hormones 7) typical body has a head a trunk and a tail usually a fore and hind appendage and sometimes a neck 8) sexes are usually separated |
With a backbone |
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Animal tissues |
In most animals cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems. They my be classified as epithelia, muscular, and nervous |
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Epithelium |
Consist of cells fitted tightly together forming a continuous layer of sheet cells, covering a body surface, or lining a cavity with the body. There are three types 1) squamous 2) cuboidal 3) columnarn |
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Squamous epithelia cells |
Thin flattened cells shaped like pancakes |
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Cuboidal epithelial cells |
Are short cylindrical cells that inside are cube-shaped, resembling a dice. Each cell has a complex usually eight sided |
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Columnal epithelial cells |
Look like tiny columns or cylinders when viewed from the sixe . the nucleus located near the base of the cell |
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Simple epithelial tissues |
That is composed of one layer of cells |
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Stratified epithelial tissues |
Composed of more than one layer of cells |
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Pseudo stratified tissues |
They falsely appear to be layered but are actually only one layer |
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Connective tissue |
Main function is to join together the other tissues of the body. Many kinds: - loose dense - elastic - reticular - adipose - cartilage - bone - blood |
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Loose connective tissue |
Filling between the parts of the body and serves as a reservoir. Nerves, blood vessels, and muscles are wrapped in this tissues. Together with adipose tissue it forms subcutaneous layers |
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Dense connective tissue |
very strong yet somewhat flexible. Collagen fibers predominate. Found in the lower dermis of the skin. - irregular: the collagen fibers are arranged in bundles distributed in all directions through the tissue - regular: the collage bundles are arranged in definite patterns making the tendons greatly resistant to stress - tendons are the cable-like cord that connects muscle to bone |
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Adipose connective tissue |
Rich in fat cells which store fat and release it when fuel is needed for cellular respiration . it is found in the subcutaneous layer and also in the tissue that cushions the internal organs |
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Cartilage |
Is the supporting skeleton in the embryonic stages in all vertebrates. They lack nerves and lymph vessels and blood vessels. |
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Bones |
Highly vascular tissue with a substantial blood supply. |
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Blood |
Plasma Red blood cells White books cells Platelets |
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Muscle tissues |
The contraction of the elongated, cylindrical or spindle cells of muscle tissues There are three types 1) cardiac 2)smooth muscle tissues 3) skeletal muscles |
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Cardiac muscle |
Are present in the walls of the heart |
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Smooth muscle |
Occurs in the walls of the digestive tract, uterus, blood vessels, and certain internal organs |
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Skeletal muscle |
Make up the large muscle masses attached to the bones of the body |
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Nervous tissue |
Composed of neurons that are specialized for conducting electrochemical nerve impulses, and glial cells that support and nourish the neuron |
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Neurons |
Receive signals from external or internal environments and transmit them to the spinal cord and brain |
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Dendrites |
Are fibers specialized to conduct impulses either from the environment stimuli or from other cells |
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Axons |
Usually are long and smooth but may give the occasional branch. They topically end in a group of branches. |
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Circulatory system |
Two types 1) open 2) closedn |
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Open circulatory sysytem |
The blood is not always contained within blood vessels. A heart pumps blood into vessels and then the vessels empty either into a body cavity where blood baths the internal organs, or into the sinuses located within the organs themselves |
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Closed circulatory systemb |
The blood is always contained within blood vessels and the pumping of the heart keeps the blood moving in this system |
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Human circulatory system |
Use a closed circulatory system |
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Blood cell types |
Red blood cells White blood cells Hemoglobin |
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Red blood cells |
Very small cells packed with hemoglobin. Are manufactured in the red bone marrow |
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White blood cells |
Are usually larger than the red blood cells. Some contain many granules which can bind with certain stains |
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Hemoglobin |
Inside erythrocytes and reversibly bind with oxygen |
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