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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of these is true of receptors? |
All of these -Often found in specialized sense organs grouped with similar cells -Specialized for specific modalities -Convert stimulus into action potentials |
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Sensory adaptation refers to: |
The ability of receptors to become less responsive to a stimulus of a given intensity |
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Sensory perception refers to: |
The ability of interneuron circuits to interpret codified afferent input in order to "sample" reality |
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Stimulus intensity is encoded by: |
B & C -Generator potential frequency -(Degree of) receptor recruitment |
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2nd order afferents carrying somatosensory input from the retina would form synapses in what area? |
Thalamus |
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3rd order afferents carrying photoreceptor input from the retina would form synapses in what area? |
Occipital lobe |
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Channels found in osmoreceptors responsible for sensing osmotic stress (tonicity) are ________. |
Mechanically-gated |
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Channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum responsible for sensing membrane potential changes are ________. |
Voltage-gated |
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Which of these is true of visual receptors? |
Cones have higher acuity than rods. |
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Which of these is true of auditory receptors? |
Auditory receptors near the oval window transduce high frequency sounds. |
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The receptor cells for receiving auditory stimuli in fish are located in the ________. |
Cochlear duct |
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The receptor cells for receiving auditory stimuli in vertebrates are located in the ________. |
??? |
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Mammals distinguish distinct olfactory odorants through the: |
Olfactory glomeruli |
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Non-human mammals detect olfactory pheromones through the: |
Vomeronasal organ |
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A tonic receptor: |
All of these -Slowly adapts to stimulus -Doesn't have an off response -Uses continuous information |
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A phasic receptor: |
Can have an off response |
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Which of the following pairs are related? |
-Salty taste & ENaC channels -Bitter taste & metabotropism (g-protein coupled receptor) -Umami & glutamate ligands (alkaloid) -Sweet taste & G-protein coupled receptor (ionotropism) |
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Almost all steroid hormones activate their target cells by: |
Binding with intracellular receptors of target cells & directly altering gene expression patterns |
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Peptide hormones activate their target cells by: |
Binding with receptors on target cell membrane & using second messenger molecules in the target cell. |
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Which of these is true of hormones? |
-Many endocrine organs have other functions besides hormone secretion. -Endocrine glands can secrete more than one type of hormone. -Most endocrine hormones are secreted primarily by a single endocrine tissue. -Some endocrine hormones can activate a variety of receptors. |
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Which of the following events triggers molting in insects? |
Decreased juvenile hormone. |
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Which of the following events triggers dramatic metamorphic transformations in insects? |
Decreased juvenile hormone. |
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Which of these hormones is released by the liver in response to GH & stimulates bone growth? |
Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
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Which of these is released in response to cold exposure & stimulates metabolic heat production? |
Thyroxine |
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Which of the following symptoms is indicative of Cushing's Syndrome? |
Hyperglycemia |
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Which of the following symptoms is indicative of Addison's disease? |
Widespread inflammation |
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The adenohypophyseal hormone ________ stimulates the mammary tissue to produce milk. |
Prolactin |
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Nutritional tyrosine deficiency might cause a primary insufficiency of which hormone? |
A & C only -Epinephrine -Thyroid hormone |
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The neurohypophyseal hormone ________ stimulates the mammary tissue to eject milk. |
Oxytocin |
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Although gap junctions are present in many cells, cardiac muscle cells organize connexons into specialized plates called ________. |
Intercalated discs |
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In many respects, cortisol & epinephrine duplicate each other's effects in the stress response. However, cortisol and not epinephrine: |
Causes an increase in amino acids in the blood. |
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Which of the following ATP-dependent steps of the contraction-relaxation cycle could be accomplished with a non-hydrolyzable form of ATP (e.g. ATP-gamma-S)? |
Release of actin by myosin |
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Although actin is present in most cells, muscle cells organize actin with myosin into specialized organelles called ________. |
Myofibrils |
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Which of the following are important functions of ATP in skeletal muscle cells? |
-ATP provides energy for cocking of the myosin head while unbound -ATP provides energy for the active transport of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum -ATP binds to the myosin head and promotes dissociation of the actin-myosin cross-bridge |
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Troponin binds ________ to move ________ exposing binding sites for cross-bridge formation. |
-Calcium -Tropomyosin |
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Calmodulin binds ________ to activate ________ promoting actin-myosin cross-bridge formation. |
-Calcium -Myosin light chain kinase |
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Which of the following is similar between single unit smooth muscle & cardiac muscle? |
Both coordinate contraction of adjacent cells by equalizing ion gradients via gap junctions. |
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Which of the following is similar between skeletal muscle & cardiac muscle? |
Both have myofilaments arranged in parallel lines. |
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Receptive Field Size |
Acuity |
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Hydrophobicity |
Longevity/Potency (of hormone effect) |
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Motor Unit Size |
Dexterity (Nimbleness) |
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Cellular Mitochondrial Density |
Endurance (Resistance to Fatigue) |
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Enzyme Activity Rate |
Speed (of action) |
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Simplest photoreceptive organ that forms image. |
Pinhole Eye |
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Best photoreceptive organ for movement & detection. |
Compound Eye |
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Evolutionary adaptation for nocturnal vision. |
Tapetum Lucidum |
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Most sensitive vertebrate photoreceptor. |
Rod |
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Made of densely packed units, each with a lens & photoreceptors. |
Compound Eye |
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Adjusts depth of focus for incoming light rays. |
Lens |
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Slow twitch: |
-Resists fatigue -Has a richer blood supply |
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Fast twitch: |
-Contains more glycogen -Training stimulates hypertrophy -Contains more glycolytic enzymes |