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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Pathology? |
The scientific study of disease |
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What is aetiology? What is pathogenesis? |
Aetiology - cause (inherent or acquired) Pathogenesis - sequence of events that lead to changes in cells and tissues |
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What is the process of disease? |
Aetiology Pathogenesis Molecular and morphological changes Fuctional consequences |
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What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? |
A symptom is a sign that can be communicated verbally e.g humans have symptoms, animals have signs. |
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What is a congenital malformation? Are they always apparent straight away? |
Structural, functional, metabolic or behavioural disorders that occur during intrauterine life and are present at birth. No - they may become apparent later in life. |
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What is teratology? |
Study of development and cause of congenital defects. |
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What sort of genetic errors cause congenital malformations? |
Inherited and acquired: Chromosomal abnormalities (structural or numerical) Gene mutations (monogenic or polygenic) |
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What sort of environmental factors cause congenital malformations? |
Infectious agents Nutritional disturbances Chemical agents Hormonal disturbances Ionizing radiation |
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What are teratogens? |
Agents that can cause congenital malformations. |
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What is the most important factor in determining whether teratogens will cause a congenital malformation? |
Stage of development of the embryo at the time of teratogen exposure. |
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What are the likely responses to teratogens during the pre/early embryonic period (blastogenesis)? |
Low sensitivity Death and resorption/abortion Restoration and normal development |
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What are the likely responses to teratogens during the embryonic period and organogenesis? |
High sensitivity Death and abortion Major morphological abnormality in one or more organs |
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What are the likely responses to teratogens during the fetal period (histogenesis and functional maturation)? |
Low sensitivity Death and abortion Growth retardation or minor morphological abnormalities of organs |
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What are agenesis and hypoplasia? |
Agenesis - lack of formation of tissue Hypoplasia - partial failure to develop |
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What is a cleft palate an example of? |
Dysraphia - failure of tissues to fuse or merge. |
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What is atresia? |
Failure of development of an opening/orifice or passage. |
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What is the difference between hamartoma and choristoma? |
Hamartoma - extra tissue at normal site Choristoma - extra normal tissue at abnormal site |
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Name some features of a virus. |
Small - 2-100genes Only replicate in living cells. |
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Name some features of a bacteria. |
Single cell prokaryotic organism. 4,000 genes Culture in media, growth by binary fission |
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Name some features of protozoa. |
Single cell eukaryotic organism 5,500 genes Nucleus and chromosomes Sexual reproductive stages |
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Describe some features of a parasite. |
Multicellular eukaryotic organism 19,000 genes Complex lifecycle Sexual reproduction |
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What is the difference between an infectious disease and contagious disease? |
Infectious disease can be spread through indirect contact e.g airborne. Contagious disease is an infectious disease that must be spread through direct contact. |
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Name some forms of contagious disease transmission. |
STDs Contact between mother and offspring Fighting, grooming Altered behaviours Noscomical (nursing care) Oro-faecal route Aerosol |
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What is a vertical disease? |
Infection that is passed directly from one generation the next in utero. |
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When does pseudo-vertical transmission occur? |
Peri-natal period. |
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What is a fomite? |
An inanimate object that can transmit infections. |
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How are bio-aerosols formed? |
Actions of animals - coughing, sneezing etc Human activity - slurry spreading Physical processes - wind, feeding etc |
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What factors affect aerosol spread? |
1) Number and density of animals 2) Survival conditions 3) Weather conditions 4) Host susceptibility |
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How do mechanical vectors differ from biological vectors? |
Mechanical transmission does not require any part of the parasite lifecycle to spread so can therefore have many insect vectors. |
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Name some problems that occur when the immune system errors. |
Allergic reaction Immunopathology Autoimmunity |
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Name a disease that is a result of the failure of the immune system in cats. |
FIV - failure of T-cell response |
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What is immunopathology? |
Tissue damage caused by excessive immune response. |
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What is autoimmunity? |
The failure to distinguish self from non-self e.g diabetes. |
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What is an allergy? |
Inappropriate response to an environmental antigen. |
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What is immunological memory and why is it important? |
First infection causes primary response. Second infection triggers much larger secondary response. Basis of vaccines. |
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Where do all cells of the immune system arise from? What happens after this? |
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow. Split into two stem cell types: Common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor. |
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What is innate immunity? What are some examples? |
No recognition or memory of threat. Physical barriers, phagocytes, NK cells, complement. |
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What is adaptive immunity? |
Ability to recognise antigens. Memory of infections. |
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What are the physical, chemical and microbiological barriers of skin? |
Physical - multi-layered, stratified squamous Chemical - sweat secretions, sebaceous glands Microbiological - commensals |
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What are the physical, mucus and chemical barriers of the alimentary tract? |
Physical - peristalsis Mucus - sticky, peristaltic waves Chemical - stomach acid, gastric and pancreatic enzymes, bile salts |
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What are the defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract? |
Epithelial barrier patrolled by alveolar macrophages Mucociliary escalator - cilia move debris upwards Glandular secretion - antimicrobial substances. |
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What are the defense mechanisms of the urinary tract? |
Physical barrier Resistant multi-layered epithelium Flushing Low urine pH |
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What are the defense mechanisms of the cornea? |
Blinking Lysozyme and antibodies in tears |
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What are the functions of neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells and macrophages? |
Neutrophils - kill rapidly dividing bacteria Eosinophils - kill parasites NK cells - kill virus infected cells Macrophages - kill intracellular pathogens |
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What are the humoral components? |
Complement Acute phase proteins Interferons |
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What cells are mononucleated? What cells are polymorphonucleated? |
Mono - monocytes, macrophages Poly - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
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Name some properties of polymorphonuclear cells? |
Very short lived Highly activated Many granules Recycled by liver |
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How do dendritic cells work? |
Link innate and adaptive immune responses. Take up microbial antigens at site of infection. Become activated and travel to lymph nodes. Activate naive T-cells in lymph nodes. |