Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the reasons for doing an ECG? What does each wave mean?
|
To record the electrical changes during heart activity; esp useful in dx cardiac arrhythmias (abnormal patterns of cardiac activity)
P wave: 0.08 sec; impulse from SA node to atria; atrial depolarization (contraction) QRS complex: ventricular depolarization T wave: ventricular repolarization (relaxation) |
|
What is the average size, shape, and location of the heart?
|
Size: persons fist
Description: Hollow, cone shaped Weight: < 1 lb Location: extends from 2-5th rib; 5-8th T vertebrae; 2/3 of heart mass is the left of midline; lies anterior to vertebral column; heart assumes oblique position; apex rests on diaphragm |
|
What is the difference in the hearts atria and ventricles?
|
Atria - superior 2 chambers; separated by interatrial septum; acts as receiving chambers for blood returning to heart from the circulation.
-foramen ovale: opening between atria in fetal heart (closes after birth) - R Atrium: O- blood enters via 3 veins (SVC, IVC, Coronary sinum) - L Atrium: O+ blood from lungs enters here via 4 pulmonary veins Ventricles: inferior 2 chambers; separated by interventricular septum; R ventricle forms most of anterior surface of heart; L ventricle forms the apex; much larger than RV; thicker walls |
|
How many heart chambers are there? atria? ventricles? openings?
|
Four Chambers: 2 atria + 2 ventricle
11 Openings: 1. R Atrioventricular 2. L Atrioventricular 3. Pulmonary Trunk Opening 4. Aortic opening 5. IVC opening (ostium) 6. SVC opening (ostium) 7. Coronary Sinus 8, 9, 10, 11. Openings for 4 pulmonary veins |
|
What is the difference in the function of a vein and an artery?
|
Vein: brings O- blood back to heart for lungs to get O+
Arteries: carries O+ blood away from the heart to all of body |
|
What cardiovascular vessels supply the heart with blood?
|
R & L coronary arteries
|
|
What separates the right and left sides of the heart?
|
Atria: separated by interatrial septum
Ventricles: separated by interventricular septum |
|
What empties into the right atrium?
|
O- blood back to heart for lungs to get O+
|
|
What is the name of the cardiac muscle that composes most of the heart
|
Myocardium
|
|
What is the difference between the coverings of the heart?
|
Double sac, serous membrane called Pericardium:
1. Parietal pericardium (outer layer) 2. Visceral pericardium (inner layer next to heart) (also called epicardium: outer layer of heart) |
|
What is pericarditis?
|
Inflammation of pericardium
|
|
What is the difference between the three layers of the heart wall?
|
1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium); outermost layer
2. Myocardium (middle layer); thickest layer 3. Endocardium (innermost layer) |
|
Where does the exchange of CO2 and O2 occur?
|
Alveoli in lungs: changes O- to O+
Capillary beds all over body: changes O+ to O- |
|
What is the difference in systemic and pulmonary circulation?
|
Pulmonary Circulation: O- to heart then to lungs for O+ (Right side of heart)
Systemic Circulation: O+ pumped to body (left side of heart) |
|
What mechanism prevents the backflow of blood as it passes through the heart?
|
Heart valves
|
|
What is the difference between the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?
|
Both are AV (atriobentricular valves) (between atria & ventricular)
Tricuspid: 3 flaps (cusps); R. AV valve Bicuspid (Mitral): 2 flaps (cusps); L. AV valve |
|
Which valve is also called the mitral valve?
|
Bicuspid
|
|
What are the "heart strings"? What is their importance?
|
Heart strings: chordae tendinae (tiny white collagen cords that anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles; found in walls of ventricles)
|
|
What are the locations and functions of the two semilunar valves?
|
Prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles
Two SL Valves: 1. Aortic SL Valve - junction of left ventricle and aorta 2. Pulmonary SL valve - junction of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk artery) |
|
What are the components of the cardiac conduction system?
|
Also called the nodal system:
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 4. R & L bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers |
|
Which one (from previous Q) is considered the pacemaker of the heart?
|
SA node
|
|
What is the bundle of His?
|
region between A & V helps to depolarize (contract) heart
|
|
What is the difference between diastole and systole?
|
Systole: contraction stage of cardiac cycle; greater pressure
Diastole: dilation stage of cardiac cycle; less pressure S/D= Blood pressure reading S-D= Pulse pressure reading |
|
What is included in the cardiac cycle?
|
all events associated with the flow of blood thru the heart during one complete heart beat.
|
|
What is actually happening when one hears the "lup-dup" sound using a stethoscope?
|
opening and closing of heart valves
|
|
What is a murmur
|
abnormal or unusual heart sounds
|
|
What is the average cardiac output for an adult?
|
-amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min; CO = HR x SV
- product of HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume) -SV: volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each contraction - Normal adult blood volume: 5000 ml - End Diastolic Volume: amount of blood in the ventricle in 1 contraction |
|
What is the function of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in the fetal heart?
|
*derived from the mesoderm
*starts pumping blood by 4th week of gestation *Ductus Venosus: blood bypasses the fetal liver *Foramen Ovale (oval door): opening between the 2 atria (in the interatrial septum); allows for blood flow between atria; bypasses the pulmonary circuit *Ductus Arteriosus: another lung bypass (found between the pulmonary trunk artery and aorta) *Both openings close normally at birth |
|
Fetal and Adult Heart correlation
|
1. Fossa Oalis (place of ovale opening)
2. Ligmentum arteriosum (place of ateriosum opening) |
|
How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?
|
Four pulmonary veins: 2 Right & 2 Left
Function: transport O+ blood from lungs back to heart for systemic circulation |
|
What are the three major types of blood vessels?
|
Arteries: conduct O+ blood (except Pulmonary trunk artery)
Veins: blood reservoirs; conduct O- blood back to heart (except pulmonary veins) Capillaries: exchange site of O+ & O- ; smallest blood vessel |
|
What are the names and general locations of the layers of a blood vessel (except capillaries)?
|
Arteries & veins have 3 layers:
1. tunica adventitia (externa/outermost) 2. tunica media (middle 3. tunica intima (interna/innermost) |
|
What is the name given to the smallest arterial vessel? blood vessel? vein?
|
Smallest arterial vessel: arterioles
Smallest blood vessel: capillaries Smallest venous vessel: venules |
|
Where would you find the highest blood pressure measurement: artery or vein?
|
Artery - highest blood pressure
|
|
How does a capillary look? what is it made of?
|
Dense network of passages; allows for blood exchanges
|
|
What structure is formed by the union of venules?
|
Capillaries unit for form venules; venules unit and become larger to form veins
|
|
What is blood flow responsible for?
|
1. Deliver O+ and nutrients to and from tissue cells; removes wastes from tissue cells
2. Gas exchange in the lungs 3. Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract 4. Processing of blood by the kidneys |
|
What is vasomotion?
|
slow, intermittent flow of blood thru capillaries
|
|
Exchanges of O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste products are diffused at what structure?
|
Capillaries
|
|
What is the difference in color of arterial and venous blood?
|
Arterial: bright red (scarlet) due to presence of O+
Venous: blue / purple / dark (due to no oxygen) |
|
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
|
4th Lumbar
|
|
What are the paired and unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta?
|
Paired: Renal; Inferior/Superior Phrenic; Ovarian; Testicular; Lumbar
Unpaired: Celiac trunk (axis) (gastric, splenic, common hepatic); SMA; IMA; Middle Sacral |
|
Ascending Aorta
|
first segment of aorta arising from heart;
R & L coronary arteries originate here |
|
Aortic Arch
|
curved segment which connects the ascending aorta to the descending aorta
3 arteries originate here: 1. brachiocephalic (innominate) *largest* 2. left common carotid 3. Left Subclavian |
|
Descending aorta
|
third segment of aorta; lies from the sternal angle to T4; has two segments:
1. Thoracic aorta (from arch to diaphragm) - from T4 - T12 2. Abdominal aorta (from diaphragm to L4) - divides at L4 into R & L c. iliac arteries) |
|
What are three distinct characteristics of venous circulation?
|
1. low BP
2. low O2 content 3. high waste (CO2) content 4. dark red in color |
|
What blood vessel is the longest one in the body?
|
Great saphenous vein (found on the medial aspect of leg from foot to external iliac vein in groin)
|
|
What is the largest vein in the human body?
|
Vena Cava
|
|
What is the function of the placenta?
|
temporary organ formed from both fetal and maternal tissue; provides nutrients and O2 to the fetus; carries away metabolic wastes and produces the hormones for pregnancy
|
|
Which heart chamber is the largest and most muscular?
|
Left ventricle
|
|
What is the difference in the function of the right and left sides of the heart?
|
Left side: systemic circulation
Right side: pulmonary circulation |
|
what is the largest artery in the human body?
|
Aorta
|
|
Where does the right atrium pump blood into?
|
Right ventral (via the tricuspid valve)
|
|
Which common vein is most often used for IV medications?
|
Cubital vein
|
|
What are the projections of the myocardium that anchor the AV valve cusps?
|
Papillary muscles
|
|
What forms the circumflex artery?
|
Left coronary artery
|
|
What lasts 0.3 sec in a normal resting cycle?
|
Ventricular systole
|
|
Where is the cardiac center location that alters heart rate?
|
Medulla oblongata
|
|
What are two structural differences between veins and arteries?
|
Veins have valves; veins have thinner walls
|
|
What are Korotkoff's sounds?
|
Blood flow heard with stethoscope
|
|
What effect does stimulation of the parasympathetic system have on cardiac output?
|
As parasympathetic system is stimulated, output decreases
|
|
As peripheral resistance decreases, what is the effect on blood and blood pressure?
|
Both blood flow and blood pressure decreases
|
|
As blood pressure increases, what is the effect on blood volume and viscosity?
|
Both volume and viscosity increase
|
|
What do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors have to do with heart rate?
|
They signal the medulla oblongata to work
|
|
Which pressure is greatest: Diastolic or Systolic?
|
Systolic
|
|
What is angiotensin? What does it have to do with blood pressure?
|
Causes vasoconstriction and increases BP
|
|
What does skeletal muscle action and respiratory movements have to do with blood flow in the veins?
|
Creates pressure gradients which help the blood to flow
|
|
What portion of the autonomic nervous system increases heart rate and contraction strength?
|
Sympathetic division
|
|
What two types of "pressures" determin fluid movement across a capillary wall?
|
Hydrostatic (blood) pressure
Osmotic pressure |
|
What is renin? What role does it have in blood pressure regulation?
|
enzyme from the kidneys; helps to regulate BP; renin levels rise in response to a decline in renal blood flow (volume); renin stimulates thirst (resulting in taking in more fluids to elevate blood volume); renin also increases BP
|
|
Trace of blood flow: O- blood from body goes into heart (R Atrium) via:
|
SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus --> R Atrium --> R AV valve (tricuspid valve) -->R ventricle --> Semilunar valve (pulmonary valve --> Pulmonary trunk arteries (R&L) (carrying O- blood) --> Alveoli (lungs) --> Pulmonary veins R&L (now carrying O- blood) --> L Atrium --> L AV valve (Bicuspid or Mitral valve) --> L Ventricle --> Semilunar valve (Aortic valve) --> Aorta (Ascending, Arch, Descending) --> Arteries --> Arterioles --> Capillaries (O+ and CO2 exchange) --> Venules (carrying deoxygenated O- blood) --> Veins ---> Starts over (SVC, IVC, Coronary Sinus)
|