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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nervous system(Systema Nervosum) |
Controls and coordinates all essential functions ofthe human body Monitors and responds to internal and external changes. All parts of nervous system are made of nervous tissue |
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Nerve tissue |
Composed of: Neurons - transmit impulses Neuroglia - assist for transmitting the impulses and providingnutrients to the neurons |
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Neurons |
Neuron consists of cell body, dendrites and axon |
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Dendrites Axon |
Dendrites areshort extensions spreading out from the cell body; they receive stimuli and carry impulsesfrom enviroment or other neurons toward the cell body Axon is a long fibre that carriesimpulses from the cell body; each neuron has only one axon |
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Neurons functionally are of three types: Afferent Efferent Interneurons |
Afferent (sensory) neurons – convey the information from tissue and organ to the brain and spinal cord; they start with receptors. Efferent (motor) neurons – carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effectors(muscles). Interneurons - connect afferent and efferent neurons and carry impulses between them. |
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Central nervous system |
Consist of: Medulla spinalis Encephalon |
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Medulla spinalis |
Thespinal cord, lodged in the vertebral canal |
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Encephalon |
The brain, contained within theskull |
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Peripheral nervous system Consists of? Divided into: Function: |
Consists of the neurons not included in the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral neurons collect information from the body and transmit it towards the CNS Divided into: nn spinalis (31 Pairs) nn cranialis (12 pairs) pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici Function: Coordinating body movements Receiving external stimuli Regulate activities under conscious control. Supply the skeletal and muscular systems |
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Autonomic part of nervous system Function? Has 2 parts? |
Function: Supplies the internal organs, Supplies blood and lymph vessels, Supplies smooth muscular tissue of the skin Supplies the glands, Supplies the heart Has 2 parts: sympathetic part – pars sympathica; parasympathetic part – pars parasympathica |
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sympathetic part – pars sympathica Function? |
Helps body in stress and emergency situations: acceleration ofheart beating respiratory frequence narrows thediameter of the blood vessels elevates the blood pressure, dilates the pupil increases the perspiration |
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parasympathetic part – pars parasympathica Function? |
It serves to build up resources: determines slowing of the heart beating lowering of respiratory frequence, dilates the diameter of the blood vessels |
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Medulla spinalis Length: Weight: Diameter Location -Cranially -Caudally |
Development: Foetal life develops from the neural tube. Length: 40-45 cm Weight: 34-38g Diameter about 1 cm Morphology Cylindrical Location Cranially: In the vertebral canal and at the level of foramen magnum it continues to the brain Caudally: It terminates by conus medullaris at the level of the 1st or the 2nd lumbar vertebra. |
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Conus medullaris continue as? |
Filum terminale
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Filum terminale Location Length Diameter |
Rudimental lower part of the neural tube! Starts: L1-L2 Finish: Periosteum ofos coccygis at the level of the 2nd coccygeal vertebra. The length: 20 cm diameter: 1 mm. |
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External surface of the spinal cord Two unpaired grooves? Two paired grooves? |
Fissura mediana anterior Sulcus medianus posterior Sulcus anterolateralis dexter et sinister Sulcus posterolateralis dexter et sinister |
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Segments of medulla spinalis Spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal? Location of segments? Thoracic Lumbar Sacral |
Pars Cervicalis - Segmenta cervicalia 8 pairs Pars Thoracica - Segmenta Thoracica 12 pairs Pars Lumbalis - Segmenta Lumbalia 5 pairs Pars Sacralis - Segmenta Sacralia 5 pairs Pars Coccygea - Segmenta Coccygeum 1 pair Spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal: Upper cervical segments correspond to upper cervical vertebrae but lower and cervical and upper thoracic segments are one vertebrae above the corresponding level. The 10th, the 11th and the 12th thoracicsegments are localized at the level of the 8th and the 9th thoracic vertebra. The lumbarsegments lie at the level of the 10th and the 11th thoracic vertebra. All sacral segments andcoccygeal segment are localized at the level of the 12th thoracic and the 1st or the 2nd lumbarvertebrae. |
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Medulla spinalis has two swellings or enlargements? |
1. Intumescentia cervicalis - From 3 rd cervical to the 2 nd thoracic segments, more developed of 5th and 6th segment 2. Intumescentia lumbosacralis – from the 12th thoracic segment to conus medullaris. !!Supply the upper and lower limbs with nerves!! |
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Structure of Nervi Spinales? Five groups Each spinal nerve has 2 roots |
nn. cervicales (8) – the cervical nerves, nn. thoracici (12) – the thoracic nerves, nn. lumbales (5) – the lumbar nerves, nn. sacrales (5) – the sacral nerves, n. coccygeus (1) – the coccygeal nerve. Radix sensoria Radix motoria |
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Radix sensoria? Pseudounipolar sensory cells? 2 processes? |
Spinal ganglion: Pseudounipolar sensory cells (1 Axon and 2 branches): 1) Peripheral processes (Dendrites) - from the cell body to the periphery 2) Central processes (Axons) - from the cell body to spinal cord |
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Radix Motoria 2 Parts? -Location? |
Comes out from medulla spinalis on sulcus anterolateralis. Via the motorroot of the spinal cord leaves also: 1) Sympathetic (from the 8th cervical to the 2nd lumbarsegments) fibres. 2) Parasympathetic (from the 2nd to the 4th sacral segments) fibres. |
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N.Spinalis Contains? The motor and sensory roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments descends along? 4 Branches? |
Both roots form the spinal nerve. Each spinal nerve is mixed nerve, which contains sensory, motor and sympathetic or parasympathetic fibres. Each spinal nerve leaves the vertebral canal through foramen intervertebrale. The motor and sensory roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal segments descends along filum terminale forming a common band – cauda equina. 4 Branches: Ramus ventralis s anterior Ramus dorsalis s posterior Ramus communicans albus Ramus meningeus |
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Ramus ventralis s anterior Supply? Plexus? Ventral branches of thoracic region? |
Supplies skin and muscles of the limbs Supplies the lateral and anterior parts of the trunk. The ventral branches of the spinal nerves form the plexus: – plexus cervicalis, – plexus brachialis, – plexus lumbalis, – plexus sacralis. In thoracic region the ventral branches of the spinal nerves do not form plexus, but run asseparate nerves – nn. intercostales; |
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Ramus dorsalis s posterior Supply? |
supply the deep muscles of the back, partly the skin of : occipital region posterior part of the neck of the back |
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Ramus communicans albus Contains? |
Contains the sympathetic fibres |
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Ramus meningeus Supplies? |
supplies the meninges of the spinal cord. |
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Reflex arc 2 arcs? |
Afferent fibres receive a irritation and transmits the signal to 1st neurons this can form two different reflex arcs: 1) Monosynaptic reflex arc; Transmits impulses directly to the efferent or motor neuron of anterior horn (the 2nd neuron) 2) Multisynaptic reflex arc: transmits signal first to the intermediate neuron (the 2nd neuron) and then to the efferent neuron (the 3rd neuron) – Efferent fibres then transmits signal to the muscle (effector) |
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Internal features of medulla spinalis Canalis centralis? Medulla spinalis consist of? Three horns of the gray matter? Funiculus of white matter? |
In the central part of medulla spinalis runs the canal – canalis centralis the remnant of the cavity of the neural tube. Its diameter is about 1 mm. After the age of 40 it may be overgrown. Canalis centralis contains liquid – liquor cerebrospinalis. Medulla spinalis consist of: 1) substantia grisea – formed by the bodies of neurons. is H–shaped on horizontal section. Three horns of the gray matter: – cornu anterius – cornu laterale, – cornu posterius 2) substantia alba – formed by: axons and dendrites Funiculus of white matter: – funiculus anterior – – funiculus lateralis – – funiculus posterior – |
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Substantia Grisea -Cornu anterius? -Cornu laterale? -Cornu posterius? |
The horns of the grey matter through the entire lenght of the spinal cord form the columns. -Cornu anterius through the entire lenght of medulla spinalis -Cornu laterale is present only from the 8th cervical to the 2nd lumbar segments and from the 2nd tothe 4th sacral segments of the spinal cord; -Cornu posterius is present throughout the entire lenght of the spinal cord The grey matter around canalis centralis is substantia gelatinosa centralis. |
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Columna anterior (cornu anterius) Contains? |
Contains several motor nuclei |
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Columna posterior (cornu posterius) Function? |
Sensory pathways of pain, temperature and tactile sense. |
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Columna intermedia Nucleus(4)? |
Nucleus thoracicus posterior Nucleus intermediomedialis Nucleus intermediolateralis Nuclei parasympathici sacrales |
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Nucleus thoracicus posterior Function? |
Unconscious proprioception or the deep sensation; |
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Nucleus intermediomedialis Function? |
Unconscious proprioception or deep sensation pathway; |
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Nucleus intermediolateralis Contains? From? |
Sympathetic cells in the lateral horn From the 8th cervical to the 2nd lumbar segments |
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Nuclei parasympathici sacrales Contains? From? |
Parasympathetic cells in the lateral horn From the 2nd to the 4th sacral segments. |
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Fasciculi proprii? |
Ascending and descending association fibers of the spinal cord that lie at the gray matter–white matter border! |
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Formatio reticularis spinalis. Contains? Function? |
Consists: Scattered neurons and the network of theircommunicating processes. Function: sensory irritability, regulates respiration, heartbeating blood pressure, state of consciousness. |
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Substantia alba |
The nerve fibres of the white matter are arranged into tracts, there are two groups of tracts: 1 Tractus ascendentes s. afferentes 2 Tractus descendentes s. efferentes |
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Tractus ascendentes s. afferentes Two groups: Conscious(4)? Unconscious(2)? |
Two groups a) conscious – they conduct impulses to the cortex: tractus spinothalamicus anterior tractus spinothalamicus lateralis fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus b) unconscious – they conduct impulses to the cerebellum: tractus spinocerebellaris anterior tractus spinocerebellaris posterior |
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Tractus descendentes s. efferentes Pyramidal tracts(2)? Extrapyramidal tracts(6)? |
Descending or motor tracts conduct motor impulses from the brain to the spinal cord and are subdivided into two groups: a) pyramidal tracts for voluntary movements: tractus corticospinalis anterior tractus corticospinalis lateralis b) extrapyramidal tracts for involuntary movements: tractus rubrospinalis tractus tectospinalis tractus vestibulospinalis tracus olivospinalis fasciculus longitudinalis medialis tractus reticulospinalis |
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Funiculus Posterior Fasciculus gracilis Fasciculus cuneatus Fasciculus gracilis et cuneatus Function: Epicritic sensibility? |
3 parts: Fasciculus proprius posterior Ascending tracts(2): 1) fasciculus gracilis – -->lower part of the trunk and the lower limbs Present in all segments of the spinal cord; 2) fasciculus cuneatus ->upper part of the trunk and the upper limbs only above the 5th thoracic segment. Fasciculus gracilis et cuneatus 1st neurons: spinalganglion.--> 2nd neurons: medulla oblongata Function: impulses from proprioreceptors exteroreceptors Epicritic sensibility, what gives informationabout the position of the body parts and their movements. |
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Funiculus lateralis Fasciculus proprius lateralis Tractus ascendentes?(3) Tractus descendentes?(2) |
3 Parts: Fasciculus proprius lateralis Tractus ascendentes Tractus descendentes Tractus ascendentes: 1) Tractus spinocerebellaris posterior – nucleus thoracicus posterior -> cerebellum; 2) tractus spinocerebellaris anterior – nucleus intermedio medialis, -> cerebellum; Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior et posterior: 1 neurons: Spinal ganglion to: 2nd neurons – nucleus thoracicus posterior or nucleus intermedio medialis; Formation of unconscious proprioceptive pathway: 3) tractus spinothalamicus lateralis – nucleus proprius ->thalamus. It takes part information of pain and temperature pathway: 1st neurons spinal ganglion; --> 2nd neuron –nucleus proprius. Tractus Descendentes: 1) Tractus corticospinalis lateralis cortex--> nuclei motorii cornu anterioris; voluntary control of skeletal muscles for the trunk and limbs. 2) Tractus rubrospinalis Mesencephalon controls habitual movements, coordination of movements |
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Funiculus Anterior Fasciculus proprius anterior Ascending tracts? (1) Descending tracts? (6) |
3 parts: Fasciculus proprius anterior Ascending tracts (1) Descending tracts (6) Tractus ascendens: 1. tractus spinothalamicus anterior nucleus proprius -> thalamus. It takes part information of touch pathway: Tractus descendentes: 1) tractus corticospinalis anterior: Brain -> nuclei motorii cornu anterioris; regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles for the trunk and limbs.; 2) tractus tectospinalis mesencephalon; it is part of the extrapyramidalsystem and is responsible for coordinating the head and eye movements; 3) fasciculus longitudinalis medialis – Motor nuclei III, IV, VI and XI cranial nerves -> nuclei motorii of spinal cord. Only present in cervical segments coordinates involuntary movements of the head, neck and eye ; 4) tractus vestibulospinalismedulla oblongata; it is responsible forinvoluntary movements concerned with the balance and posture; it is part of balance pathway; 5) tractus olivospinalis – medulla oblongata; it is responsible for involuntary movements concerned with the balance and posture; it is part of balance pathway; 6) tractus reticulospinalis – formatio reticularis spinalis and has an influence to the motor system and on the state of consciousness. |
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MENINGES OF SPINAL CORD Spatium epidurale - 1) spinal dura mater Spatium subdurale 2) arachnoid mater spatium subarachnoideum 3) spinal pia mater |
The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges: Spatium epidurale - Filled with fatty tissue, lymphatic vessels and venous plexus 1) spinal dura mater – dura mater spinalis; spinal
Spatium subdurale - True cavity only under pathological conditions, haemorrhage! 2) arachnoid mater – arachnoidea mater spinalis Fuses with brain and cranially and caudally with terminal filum Spatium subarachnoidea - Filled with liquor cerebrospinalis. 3) spinal pia mater – pia mater spinalis. Vascular, lies directly to spinal cord! Upward it continues into similar covering for the brain, downward it covers the terminal filum. |
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Lumbar puncture Where? Why? |
A lumbar puncture between 3rd and the 4th lumbar vertebras. Cause the medulla spinalis ends at 1st to 2nd Lumbar vertebrae The lumbar puncture is carried out to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for examination. Also for injecting antibiotics |