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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cutaneous membrane
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skin: epidermis & dermis
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mucous membrane
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digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive: epithelium, lamina propria, mucularis mucosae
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lamina propria
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blood vessels, collagen fibers, fibroblast, elastic fibers
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epithelium
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cilia, mucin in goblet cell, ciliated cells of pseudostratified epithelium
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serous membrane (serosa)
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pleura, pericardium, peritonium. produce watery serous fluid. endothelium & mesothelium
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synovial membrane
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fibrous joints
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skin functions
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resistance to trauma, barriers, vitamin D, sensation, thermoregulation, nonverbal communication
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cells of epidermis
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stem, kertinocytes, melanocytes, tactile, dendric
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layers of epidermis
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stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.
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dermis
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fibrous connective tissue, richly endowed with blood vessels and nerve endings. sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hypodermis
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hypodermis
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areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle
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nail bed
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skin on which the nail plate rests
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nail plate
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the clear, keratinized portion of the nail
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root
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the proximal end of a nail, underlying the nail fold
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body
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the major portion of the nail plate, overlying the nail bed
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free edge
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the portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the end of the digit
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hyponychium
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the epithelium of the nail bed
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nail fold
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the fold of skin around the margins of the nail plate
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nail groove
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the groove where the nail fold meets the nail plate
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eponychium
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dead epidermis that covers the proximal end of the nail; commonly called the cuticle
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nail matrix
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the growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis
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lunule
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the region at the base of the nail that appears as a small white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view
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sweat glands
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merocrine and apocrine
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sebaceous glands
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sebum: lubricates the skin with oil
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ceruminous glands
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cerumen: earwax that cleans and lubricates the auditory canal
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mammary glands
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produce milk
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bone functions
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support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, osseous tissue, mineralization/calcification
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bone shapes
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long, short, flat, and irregular
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bone features
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compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, nutrient foramina, perosteum, endosteum
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compact bone
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Very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell of bones and composes a large part of the long bones of the arms, legs, and ribs. It is also called cortical bone or lamellar bone
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nail matrix
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the growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis
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lunule
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the region at the base of the nail that appears as a small white crescent because it overlies a thick stratum basale that obscures dermal blood vessels from view
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sweat glands
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merocrine and apocrine
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sebaceous glands
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sebum: lubricates the skin with oil
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ceruminous glands
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cerumen: earwax that cleans and lubricates the auditory canal
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mammary glands
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produce milk
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bone functions
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support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, osseous tissue, mineralization/calcification
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bone shapes
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long, short, flat, and irregular
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bone features
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compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, nutrient foramina, perosteum, endosteum
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compact bone
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Very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell of bones and composes a large part of the long bones of the arms, legs, and ribs. It is also called cortical bone or lamellar bone
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medullary cavity
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the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored (which is why medullary cavity is also known as marrow cavity)
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spongy bone
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Bone composed of meshwork of small, bony plates filled with red marrow
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diaphysis
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the middle, shaft region of long bones which is usually fully ossified and contains the medullar cavity ("marrow")
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epiphysis
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the end portions of long bones where growth occurs
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articular cartilage
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Cartilage which covers surface of bones forming a synovial joint; also called hyaline cartilage
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nutrient foramina
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any of the passages admitting nutrient vessels to the medullary cavity of bone
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periosteum
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A fibrous membrane that covers the surface of bone except at the end of the bones where it is covered with cartilage as part of a joint
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endosteum
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a thin layer of connective tissue which lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones
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bone cells
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osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
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intramembranous ossification
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one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system resulting in the creation of bone tissue
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endochondral ossification
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one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system resulting in the creation of bone tissue
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types of joints
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bony, fibrous (sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses), cartilagenous, synovial
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synovial joints
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articular cartilage, synovial fluid, joint cavity, tendon, ligament, bursa, tendon sheaths
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classes of synovial joints
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ball-and-socket, condylar, saddle, plane, hinge, pivot
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knee injuries
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ACL, MCL, TCL, medial miniscus
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joint disorders
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arthritis, bursitis, dislocation, gout, rheumatism, sprain, strain, synovitis, tendinitis
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arthritis
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broad term embracing more than 100 types of joint rheumatism
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bursitis
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inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overexertion of a joint
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dislocation
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displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues.
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gout
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a hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane
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rheumatism
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broad term for any pain in the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles
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sprain
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torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage
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strain
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painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage.
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synovitis
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inflammation of a joint capsule.
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tendinitis
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a form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed
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meiosis
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cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number
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chromosomes
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a complex of DNA and protein carrying the genetic material of a cell's nucleus.
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mutations
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any changes in the structure of a chromosome or a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of organismal structure or function
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gene
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an information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins
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allele
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any of the alternative forms that one gene can take, such as dominant and recessive alleles.
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fertilization
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combines the haploid set of sperm chromosomes with the haploid set of egg chromosomes, producing a diploid set
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nondisjunction
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The failure of two members of a chromosome pair to disjoin during anaphase
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homozygous
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having two identical alleles of the same gene
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heterozygous
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Describes the situation where cells or organisms carry two different versions (alleles) of a given gene
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genotype
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the genetic constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual (i.e. the specific allele makeup of the individual) usually with reference to a specific character under consideration
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p generation
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Two unlike individuals that begin a genetics experiment, or breeding program
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f1 generation
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F1 stands for Filial 1, the first filial generation seeds/plants or animal offspring resulting from a cross mating of distinctly different parental types
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f2 generation
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Also called second cross, the F2 generation is the generation after F1. Generally an F1 offspring bred to another purebred dog. The resulting puppies are F2 puppies
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monohybrid cross
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hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)
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Mendel's hypothesis
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1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters.
2. For each character trait (ie: height, color, texture etc.) an organism inherits two genes, one from each parent. 3. If the two alleles differ, then one, the dominant allele, is fully expressed in the organism's appearance; the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance. 4. The two genes for each character segregate during gamete production. |
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karyotype
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a chart/map of the 23 chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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chromosomes in a biological cell that pair (synapse) during cell division during the creation of gametes (meiosis)
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autosomes
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any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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sex chromosome
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a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual
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diploid
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an organism or cell having the normal amount of DNA per cell; i.e., two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
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haploid
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a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes
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somatic cells
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Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction
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germ cells
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the cells that give rise to the gametes of organisms that reproduce sexually
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codominant
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A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other
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incomplete dominance
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A situation where neither gene dominates the other and both exercise an influence on the individual. Also called co-dominance
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polygenic
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controlled by the interaction of more than one gene
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pleiotropy
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A phenomenon whereby a particular gene affects multiple traits
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penetrance
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the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene (allele or genotype) that also express an associated trait (phenotype)
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crossing over
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Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair
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chiasma
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the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis
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haploid
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a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes
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somatic cells
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Any normal cell of an organism that is not involved in reproduction
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germ cells
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the cells that give rise to the gametes of organisms that reproduce sexually
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codominant
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A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other
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incomplete dominance
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A situation where neither gene dominates the other and both exercise an influence on the individual. Also called co-dominance
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polygenic
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controlled by the interaction of more than one gene
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pleiotropy
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A phenomenon whereby a particular gene affects multiple traits
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penetrance
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the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene (allele or genotype) that also express an associated trait (phenotype)
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crossing over
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Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair
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chiasma
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the point where two homologous non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material during chromosomal crossover during meiosis
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genetic recombination
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Formation of new combinations of alleles in offspring (viruses, cells or organisms) as a result of exchange of DNA sequences between molecules
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translocation
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chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes
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trisomy 21
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a chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome (Down's syndrome)
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mutagens
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any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation
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Turner syndrome
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caused usually by monosomy of a sex chromosome, and causing sterility and other problems
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Patau syndrome
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also known as trisomy 13 and trisomy D, is a chromosomal abnormality, a syndrome in which a patient has an additional chromosome 13 due to a nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis
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Klinefelter syndrome
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syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male
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Albinism
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due to a recessive gene which blocks the metabolic pathway converting the amino acid tyrosine into 3,4 - dihydroxyphenylalanine and then to melanin
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phenylketonuria
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a genetic abnormality in which the body lacks an enzyme needed for normal metabolism
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sickle cell
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an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin
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hemophilia
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an inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX.
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