Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Inorganic Chemistry
|
Generally, substances that do not contain carbon
Ex: Water, Oxygen, CO2 and HCO3 Exceptions: CO, CO2, HCO3 |
|
Organic Chemistry
|
Study of carbon-containing substances. Those that are biologically active are called biochemicals
|
|
Water
|
Cohesion and adhesion properties
50-60% of body, 92% of blood High specific heat: large amount of heat required to raise temperature of water Protection-lubricant, cushion Participates in chemical reactions - many reactions take place in water Dehydration and hydrolysis Serves as mixing medium |
|
Cohesion and Adhesion
|
Water is attracted to other water (cohesion). Water can also be attracted to other materials (adhesion).
The oxygen end of water has a negative charge and the hydrogen end has a positive charge. The hydrogens of one water molecule are attracted to the oxygen from other water molecules. This attractive force is what gives water its cohesive and adhesive properties. |
|
Mixture
|
Substances physically but not chemically combined
Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
|
Suspension
|
Materials separate unless stirred.
Ex: Sand and water |
|
Colloid
|
Dispersal of tiny particles through a medium.
Ex: Milk Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
|
Solution
|
Mixture of liquids, gasses or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
Blood is a mixture, solution and colloid |
|
Solvent
|
That which dissolves the solute
|
|
Solute
|
That which dissolves the solvent
|
|
Concentration
|
Measure of number of particles of solute per volume of solution
|
|
Osmolality
|
Reflects the number of particles dissolved in one kilogram of water
|
|
What is one osmole equal to?
|
Avogadro's number of particles in one kilogram of water
|
|
Milliosmoles
|
Unit used by physiologists because of the low concentrations in the human body
|
|
Concentration of body fluids influences what?
|
Movement of fluid in and out of cells
|
|
Average mOsm in the human body
|
300 mOsm
|
|
Acid
|
A proton donor of any substance that releases hydrogen ions
|
|
Base
|
A proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions
|
|
Salt
|
A compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion.
Ex: NaCl |
|
Buffer
|
A solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations
|
|
What does the pH scale refer to?
|
The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
|
|
Neutral
|
pH of 7 or equal hydrogen and hydroxide ions
|
|
Acidic
|
A greater concentration of hydrogen ions
|
|
Alkaline or basic
|
A greater concentration of hydroxide ions
|
|
What is physiologic pH?
|
Physiologic pH is 7.4
|
|
What does a buffer do?
|
Regulate pH
|
|
Important biological buffers
|
Bicarbonate
Phosphates Protein Respiratory and renal mechanisms |
|
What is required in the final step in the series of reactions used to extract energy from food?
|
Oxygen (O2)
|
|
What is produced during the catabolism of organic compounds?
|
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Dioxide is a metabolic waste product. Combines with water in plasma and forms H+ thus affecting the acid/base balance |
|
Composition of Carbohydrates
|
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
|
|
How are carbohydrates divided?
|
Divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
|
|
What is the function of carbohydrates?
|
Energy sources and structure
|
|
Composition of lipids
|
Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Relatively insoluble in water |
|
Functions of lipids (name 5)
|
Protection
Insulation Physiological regulation Component of cell membranes Energy Source |
|
Composition of Proteins
|
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iodine
|
|
Functions of proteins
|
regulate processes
aid transport protection muscle contraction structure energy |
|
Composition of nucleic acids
|
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
EX: ATP, DNA, RNA |
|
Main source of energy
|
Glucose
|
|
DNA sugar
|
Deoxyribose
|
|
RNA sugar
|
Ribose
|
|
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
|
Two simple sugars bound together by dehydration
EX: Sucrose, lactose, maltose |
|
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
|
Long chains of many monosaccharides
Storage molecules for monosaccharides and form part of cell surface markers |
|
Storage form of energy for animals
|
Glycogen
|
|
Storage form of energy for plants
|
Starch and cellulose
Starch in food is used as a source of monosaccharides Cellulose in food acts as fiber (bulk) in diet |
|
How are lipids broken down in the body?
|
Ingested and broken down by hydrolosis
|
|
Fatty acids may be _______ or _________
|
Saturated or unsaturated
|
|
Saturated Fats
|
Contain all single bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more rigid structure
EX: Animal fats, coconut/palm oil |
|
Unsaturated Fats
|
Contains one (mono) or more (poly) double bonds in the carbon chain, wich produces a more relaxed structure
|
|
Trans Fats
|
Unsaturated fats that are artificially altered to be more saturated. Are the highest cardiovascular risk
|
|
Lipids: Phospholipids
|
Polar (hydrophilic) at one end; nonpolar (hydrophobic) at the other
Function: Important stuctural component of cell membranes |
|
Lipids: Eicosanoids
|
Derived from fatty acids.
Function: Important regulatory molecules, inflammatory response EX: Thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
|
Lipids: Fat-soluble vitamins
|
Non-polar molecules essential for normal functioning, inflammatory response
|
|
Lipids: Steroids
|
Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone
Caron atoms arranged in four rings Functions: physiological regulators and component of cell membranes (determines fluidity) Cholesterol synthesizes other steroids |
|
Amino Acids
|
Building block of protein
|
|
Peptide Bonds
|
Covalent bonds formed between amino acids during protein synthesis
|
|
Protein Structure: Primary
|
The amino acid sequence. A protein consists of different
|
|
Protein Structure: Secondary
|
Results from hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen bonds cause the amino acid chain to form pleated (folded) sheets or helices.
|
|
Protein Structure: Tertiary
|
With secondary folding caused by interactions within the polypeptide and its intermediate environment
|
|
Protein Structure: Quaternary
|
the relationships between individual subunits
|
|
Enzymes
|
Are proteins, lower the activation enery necessary for a reaction to occur; bring reactants into close proximity
Enzyme names usually end in -ase and often have the same word stem at the reactant. EX: A lipid is a reactant for a lipase |
|
Induced Fit Hypothesis
|
Enzymes change shape to accommodate the shape of specific reactants
|
|
Enzyme Cofactors
|
Combine with active site and make nonfunctional enzymes functional.
Not all enzymes require cofactors, such as non-protein structures (inorganic) |
|
Nucleotides
|
Composed in five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate
Include the nucleic acids DNA, RNA and ATP |
|
DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid
|
Genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next
Composed of 2 strands of nucleotides A-T G-C |
|
RNA-Ribonucleic acid
|
Four different nucleotides make up organic bases except thymine is replaced with uracil
Responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into the primary structure of proteins |
|
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
|
Energy "currency" of the body
Provides energy for other chemical reactions as anabolism or drive cell processes as muscle contraction All energy-requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP Lots of energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups (symbolized by ~)-breaking these bonds creates energy |