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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a cell? |
Basic organizational structure of the human body |
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1) How many cells are found in the human body?
2) How much do cells vary in size?
3) What cell can be seen without the aid of a microscope? |
50 to 100 trillion
Considerably
Human egg cell |
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Cells develop the ability to perform different functions in a process known as what? |
Differentiated |
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The smallest living units |
Cells |
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Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell; allows the cell to respond to certain stimuli |
Cell Membrane |
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Control all cellular activities; contains the genetic material of the cell |
Nucleus |
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Performance of various cellular activities such as protein synthesis; metabolism, and cell respiration |
Various cytoplasmic organelles |
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What are three major portions of a cell? |
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane |
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The organelles are located in the? |
Cytoplasm |
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T/F: The cell membrane is essential to the ability to receive and respond to chemical messages
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True |
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What characteristic of cell membrane make it impermeable to such substances as water, amino acids, and sugars? |
The fatty acid portions of phospholipids that make up the inner layer of the cell membrane |
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Which of the following substances on the cell membrane surface help cells to recognize and bind to each other as well as recognizing "non-self" substances such as bacteria? |
Glycoproteins |
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Water-soluble substances such as ion cross the cell membrane via |
Protein channels |
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Receptors on the cell membrane are composed of |
Proteins |
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T/F: Faulty ion channels can cause disease and sudden death |
True |
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A class of drug that are used to treat hypertension and angina affects which of the following transmembrane channels? |
Calcium channels |
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Cell adhesion molecules are proteins that |
Attract cells to an area in which they are needed |
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What organelle functions as a communication system for the cytoplasm? |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
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The chemical activity in the ER results in |
Synthesis of protein and lipid molecules |
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus |
Packages and modifies protein molecules for transport & secretion |
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The mitochondria are also known as the_______of cells |
"Powerhouse" |
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Which of the following organelles is/are most likely to be of interest to evolutionary biologists? |
Mitochondria |
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The enzymes of the lysosome function to |
Digest bacteria and damaged cell parts |
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Peroxisomes are found most commonly in the cells of the |
Liver and kidney |
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Like, hairlike projections that extend outward from the surface of the cell are called what? |
Cilia and flagella |
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A membranous sac formed when the cell membrane fold inward and pinches off is a |
Vesicle |
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This threadlike structures found within the cytoplasm of the cell are called |
Micro filaments and micro tubules |
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The structure that float in the nucleoplasm of the nucleus are |
Nucleolus and chromatin |
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Which of the following structures is made of nucleic acid and proteins? |
Chromatin |
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The process that allows the movement of gases and ions from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium has been achieved is? |
Diffusion |
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The process by which substances are moved through the cell membrane by the carrier molecule is? |
Facilitated diffusion |
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The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from areas of high concentration of solute to areas of lower concentration of solute is? |
Osmosis |
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Contains a greater concentration of solute than the cell |
Hypertonic |
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The process by which molecules are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure that is greater on one side that on the other is known as what? |
Filtration |
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The process that uses energy to move molecules or ions across a concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is known as |
Active transport |
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The process by which cells engulf liquid molecules by creating a vesicles is |
Pinocytosis |
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A process that allows cells to take in molecules of solids by surrounding them to create a vesicle is known as |
Phagocytosis |
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Which of the following statements best describes what happens when solid material is taken into a vacuole? |
A lysosome combines with a vacuole and decomposes the enclosed solid material |
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The selective and rapid transport of a substance from one end of a cell to the other is |
Transcytosis |
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When does the duplication of DNA molecules in cells preparing to reproduce occur |
Interphase |
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Micotubules shorten and pull chromosomes toward centrioles |
Anaphase |
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Chromatin forms chromosomes; nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear |
Prophase |
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Chromosomes elongate and nuclear membrane form around each chromosome set |
Telophase |
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Chromosomes become arranged midway between centrioles; duplicate parts of chromosomes become separated |
Metaphase |
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The period of cell growth and duplication of cell parts is known as |
Interphase |
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T/F: Different cells in the human body reproduce themselves according to limits that seem inherent to the cell type |
True |
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Cells that reproduce continually throughout life |
Skin cells, cells of intestinal lining, blood-forming cells |
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Cells that reproduce when an injury occurs |
Liver |
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Cells that are no longer able to reproduce |
Nerve cells |
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Name two gene families that are known to be involved in cancer formation |
Oncogenes and Tumor suppressor |
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The daughter cell of stem cells can follow several developmental pathways but not all pathways and are known as what |
Pluripotent |
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The process that sculpts organs from tissues that naturally overgrow is |
Apoptosis |
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The metabolic process that synthesizes materials for cellular growth and requires energy is |
Anabolism |
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The metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones and releases energy is |
Catabolism |
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The form of energy used to activate and increase the rate of chemical reactions is |
Heat |
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Enzymes are a type of |
Protein |
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The form of energy utilized by the most cellular processes is |
Chemical |
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The process by which the energy in a molecule of glucose is related within the cell is called |
Cell respiration |
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The three main components of a molecule of ATP are |
1. Adenine 2. Phosphate Groups 3. Ribose |
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The energy needed to prime glucose is provided by |
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Coupling of energy and ATP synthesis is accomplished by a series of enzyme complexes located within the |
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) |
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Muscle fatigue and cramps following strenuous exercise are due to an accumulation of? |
Lactic acid |
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The main reservoirs for glycogen are |
Liver and muscle |
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We inherit traits from our parents because |
DNA contains genes that are the carriers of inheritance |
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All of the DNA in the cell constitutes the |
Genome |
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A molecule consisting of a double spiral with sugar and phosphates forming the outer strands and organic bases joining the two strands is |
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) |
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List the four nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecule |
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine |
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DNA pairs A and G are
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Purine
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DNA pairs T and C are |
Parimadines |
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DNA molecules are located in the |
Nucleus |
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Protein synthesis takes place in |
Cytoplasm |
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What are the three types of RNA used for protein synthesis |
mRNA messenger tRNA transfer rRNA ribosome |
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The function of ribozymes is |
To control the bonding of amino acids |
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T/F: each amino acid can be specified by only one codon |
False |
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mRNA molecules and ribosomes act together to synthesize |
Protein |
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The amino acids in a molecule of protein are arranged in the correct sequence by |
tRNA |
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The energy for the synthesis of protein molecules is supplies by |
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Translation during protein synthesis occurs in |
Cytoplasm |
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Which of the following factors is capable of causing mutation? |
Radiation, Sunlight, Chemicals |