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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
respiration |
exchange of gas between an organism and its environment |
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principles of respiration- air pressure |
-air pressure is the force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules of air -air pressure needs to be equal inside and outside the lungs; air flows in and out to equalize |
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Boyle's Law |
as the volume of a container increases, air pressure within decreases and vice versa; volume and pressure inverse |
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structures of respiration |
-bony thorax (bones) -visceral thorax (organs) -muscles of respiration |
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bony thorax |
bones |
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visceral thorax |
organs |
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ribs |
7 true (1-7), 3 false (8-10), 2 floating (11-12) |
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cartilage that attaches to ribs |
costal/chondral cartilage |
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sternum |
breastbone; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
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manubrium |
top of sternum |
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xiphoid process |
part inferior to sternum, ossifies |
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vertebral column |
33 segments of bone (vertebrae; 7 (C1-7) cervical, 12 (T1-12) thoracic, 5 (1-5L) lumbar, sacrum (5 fused), coccyx |
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lamina |
flat part behind vertebrae, angle to meet |
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spinous process |
straight part behind vertebrae |
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corpus |
part of vertebrae where they sit |
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superior articular facet |
where posterior tubercle and lamina connect |
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vertebral foramen |
hole where the spinal cord goes through |
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C1 |
atlus- supports hear |
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C2 |
axis- turns head on axis |
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transverse foramen |
holes where spinal nerves go through |
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rib cage |
part of bony thorax, 12 ribs, sternum serves as focal point; slope downward during rest, elevate during inspiration |
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pelvic girdle |
part of bony thorax; includes ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium |
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ilium |
largest bone of pelvis/hip |
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ischeum |
lower and back part of hip bone |
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pectoral girdle |
includes scapula and clavicle bones; support upper extremities and attach to sternum |
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respiratory passageway |
part of visceral thorax, connects lungs with the external environment; oral/nasal cavities, larynx and trachea, bronchial tree and tubes |
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bronchial tree |
characterized by branching of larger tubes into smaller tubes, go from trachea to lungs |
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lungs |
visceral thorax; composed of vascular, elastic tissue, blood (arterial and venous network), connective tissue, respiratory pathway, and alveoli |
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lung lobes |
right = 3, left = 2 |
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bronchi names |
mainstem, secondary, tertiary, bronchiole |
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respiratory passageway covered in |
cargilaginous rings, don't go all the way around |
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respiratory passageqay jobs |
protects lungs against pollutants (beating epithelia that line, coughing expells; lymphatic system too), warms/humidifies air |
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alveoli |
sites of gas exchange, grouped in sacs, surrounded by capillaries; over 300 million |
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emphysema |
cilia reduced, reduced cleaning, less gas exchange |
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muscles of respiration |
biggest/primary = diaphragm |
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pleural linings |
cover diaphragm and lungs, basis for air movement; pleura are in contact, contraction of diaphragm pulls lungs down; how lungs never collapse |
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diaphragm |
separates thorax from abdomen, fibers pull on central tendon; pulled down during inspiration, up during expiration; umbrella shape at rest |
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muscles between ribs |
internal and external intercostal muscles |
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accessory muscles of inspiration- anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration |
-external intercostal muscles -interchondral portion, internal intercostal muscles |
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accessory muscles of inspiration- posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration |
-levatores costarum (brexis and longis) -serratus posterior superior |
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accessory muscles of the neck |
important for inspiration, source of stability, control flexion and extension -sternomastoid muscle -scalenes muscles |
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muscles of forced expiration |
thorasic muscles- anterior/posterior abdominal muscles- anterolateral abdominal, posterior abdominal |
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process of forced expiration |
-contraction of the abdominal muscles -squeezing of the abdomen -compression of the viscera -reduction of the size of the thorax -air is pushed out of the lungs |