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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nonliving fluid matrix of blood |
plasma (55%) |
|
living blood cells in blood |
formed elements (45%) |
|
What makes up the buffy coat? |
Leukocytes and platelets (<1%) |
|
slip out of capillary blood vessel to area of body where needed to mount response |
diapedesis |
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form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them through tissue spaces |
amoeboid motion |
|
follow a chemical trail released by damaged cells or other leukocytes |
positive chemotaxis |
|
increased production of leukocytes |
leukocytosis |
|
functioning part of a cell |
granules |
|
bacteria slayers; 50-70%; active phagocyte |
neutrophil |
|
cells metabolize oxygen to produce germ-killer oxidizing substances |
respiratory burst |
|
2-4 %; attack parasitic worms too large to be phagocytized; role in allergies and asthma |
eosinophil |
|
0.5-1 %; histamine; large granules |
basophil |
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inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other leukocytes |
histamine |
|
25%; mostly located in lymphoid tissues; immunity |
lymphocyte |
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attack and act directly against infected cells |
t-lymphocytes |
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make plasma cells that make antibodies (identify foreign substances) |
B-lymphocytes |
|
3-8%; leave bloodstream and become highly mobile macrophages; phagocytic against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, chronic infections; activate lymphocytes |
monocyte |
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production of leukocytes; stimulated by chemical messengers released from bone marrow or mature leukocytes |
leukopoiesis |
|
whole blood with plasma and leukocytes removed; to restore oxygen-carrying capactiy |
packed red cells |
|
_____% loss of blood volume can be fatal |
>30% |
|
highly specific glycoprotein and glycolipid markers on plasma membrane of cells; perceived as foreign and generates an immune response |
antigen |
|
antigens on plasma membrane of erythrocytes; can cause agglutination (clumping) if transfuse mis-matched blood types |
agglutinogens |
|
pre-formed antibodies to agglutinogens not on cells |
agglutinins |
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What is the universal donor? |
O |
|
What is the universal recipient? |
AB |
|
Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby produces Rh agglutinins after delivery, Rh erythrocytes of baby is attacked by mother's Rh agglutinins |
hemolytic disease of the newborn |
|
patient pre donates own blood, stored and immediately available if needed during operation |
autologous transfusions |
|
occurs when mismatched blood is infused; recipient's plasma agglutinins attach donor's erythrocytes |
transfusion reaction |
|
What are the functions of blood? |
distribution (oxygen from lungs, hormones), regulation (body temp, pH), and protection (prevent blood loss, prevent infection) |
|
protein; binds easily and reversible with oxygen |
hemoglobin |
|
protein of 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) |
globin |
|
red pigment; rink-like with iron (Fe) at center |
4 Heme |
|
each hemoglobin can carry ____ oxygen molecules |
4 |
|
blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow; |
hematopoiesis |
|
source of all formed elements; undifferentiated; not specialized yet |
hematopoietic stem cell |
|
erythrocyte production (takes about 15 days) |
erythropoiesis |
|
descendent of hematopoietic stem cell |
myeloid stem cell |
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what is the order of erythrocyte productoin |
1. stem cell 2. proerythroblast 3. basophilic erythroblast (ribosomes) 4. polychromatic erythroblast (hemoglobin made) 5. orthochromatic erythroblast 6. reticulocyte (nucleus and organelles ejected) |
|
hormone produced mainly by kidneys; stimulates formation of erythrocytes |
erythropoietin (EPO) |
|
Talk through the five steps of maintaining homeostasis for normal blood oxygen levels |
|
|
blood's oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism |
anemia |
|
destruction of bone marrow |
aplastic anemia |
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lack of EPO |
renal anemia |
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problems with vitamin B12 absorption |
pernicious anemia |
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too many red blood cells destroyed |
hemolytic anemia |
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glob in chain absent or faulty; erythrocytes are thin, delicate; deficient in hemoglobin |
thalassemias |
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abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increase blood viscosity and fuse it to flow sluggishly |
polycythemia |
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bone marrow cancer; very high erythrocyte count impairs circulation |
polycythemia vera |
|
hormone that regulates formation of platelets |
thrombopoietin |
|
repeatedly divides but not cytokinesis (large) |
megakaryoblast |
|
ext. large with multi lobed nucleus; cytoplasmic extensions rupture as squeeze through capillary |
megakaryocyte |
|
What are the steps of hemostasis when blood vessel wall breaks and needs to stop bleeding |
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation |
|
What is secreted by endothelial cells to prevent stickiness in undamaged tissue? |
nitric oxide and prostacyclin |
|
plasma protein; stabilizes collagen fibers; promotes them to be sticky |
Von Willebrand factor |
|
What do platelets release during platelet plug formation? |
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and serotonin and thromboxame |
|
receives oxygen poor blood from body; pumps to lungs |
right side of the heart |
|
receives oxygen rich blood from lungs; pumps to body |
left side of heart |
|
functions of the fibrous pericardium |
protect, anchor, and prevent overfilling |
|
ventricle vessel junction; prevent back flow into ventricles when ventricles relax |
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)
|
|
prevent back flow into atria when ventricles contract |
atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) |
|
valve flaps stiffen and constricts opening; heart muscle must exert more force to pump blood |
valvular stenosis |
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valves don't close properly and blood back flows; heart rep umps same blood over and over |
incompetent valve |
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arise from base of aorta; deliver blood when heart is relaxed |
coronary arteries |
|
collects blood from capillary beds in myocardium |
coronary veins |
|
enlarged vessel cardiac veins join and form; empties into right atrium |
coronary sinus |
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thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium; myocardial cells weakened but do not die |
angina pectoris |
|
heart attack; prolonged coronary blockage; cells die and are replaced with non contractile scar tissue (can't make tap or function) |
myocardial infarction |
|
autorhythmic; noncontracile cells making up the intrinsic conduction system |
cardiac pacemaker cells |
|
spontaneously changing membrane potentials |
pacemaker potentials (prepotentials) |
|
depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles |
purkinje fibers
|
|
SA node is defective and abnormal pacemaker appears and takes over pacing of heart |
ectopic focus |
|
75 bpm |
SA node |
|
40-60 bpm |
AV node
|
|
damage to AV node that interferes with ability of ventricles to receive pacing impulses |
heart block |
|
myocardium behaves as a single coordinated unit |
functional synctium |
|
What are the steps in contraction of cardiac muscle fibers? |
1. depolarization ( fast votage-gated Na channels) 2. plateau (Ca influx through slow Ca channels and few K channels are open) 3. repolarization (Ca channels inactivate; K channels opening and K leaves) (back down to -95 mV) |
|
long period of inexcitability; protective mechanism; letting repolarization finish |
absolute refractory period |
|
av valves closing |
lub |
|
semilunar valves closing |
dup |
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maximum amount of blood in the ventricles |
end diastolic volume |
|
what is average EDV |
120 ml |
|
ventricles completely closed; constant blood volume |
isovolumetric contraction phase |
|
blood left remaining in ventricles |
end systolic volume |
|
When do the semilunar valves close? |
during ventricular diastole |
|
aortic pressure briefly rises |
dicrotic notch |
|
total heart relaxation |
isovolumetric relaxation or quiescent period (same thing) |
|
amt of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute |
cardiac output |
|
what is the equation for cardiac output? |
HR x SV |
|
col of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat |
stroke volume |
|
what is normal cardiac output? |
5.25 L/min |
|
what is equation for stroke volume |
EDV - ESV |
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what is avg end systolic volume |
50 ml/beat |
|
what is normal stroke volume |
70 ml/beat |
|
increase contractility; epinephrine, thyroxine, glucagon, ect. |
positive inotropic agents |
|
impair or decrease contractility; acidosis (too much hydrogen) |
negative inotropic agents |
|
factors that inc heart rate |
positive chronotropic agents |
|
factors that decrease heart rate |
negative chronotropic agents |
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causes pacemaker to fire more rapidly and increases calcium levels in contractile cells |
norepinephrine |
|
hyperpolarizes pacemaker cells by opening K channels (makes cell more neg) |
acetylcholine |
|
from thyroid gland; increases heart rate and enhances effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine |
thyroxine |
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reduced Ca levels; depresses heart |
hypocalcemia |
|
excessive K alters electrical activity; heart block and cardiac arrest |
hyperkalemia |
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low k; feeble heartbeat; arrhythmia |
hypokalemia |
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abnormally fast heartbeat; >100 bpm |
tachycardia |
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heart rate slower than 60 bpm |
bradycardia |
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fatty buildup clogs coronary arteries; inefficient delivery of blood; heart is hypoxic (starved) |
coronary atherosclerosis |
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after load chronically elevated; ESV rises; myocardium becomes progressively weaker |
persistent high blood pressure |
|
ventricles stretch and become flabby; heart enlarges |
dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
left side fails; blood backs up in the lungs; fluid begins to leak into lung tissue |
pulmonary congestion |
|
right side fails; blood stagnates in body organs; fluid leaks into tissue spaces; cells can't obtain oxygen and nutrients |
peripheral congestion |
|
deliver blood to specific organs; thickest tunica media; vasocontriction |
muscular arteries |
|
smallest; think tunica intima only; site of exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid |
capillaries |
|
smooth-muscle like cells that stabilize wall and control permeability |
pericytes |
|
leaky capillary; fewer tight junctions; larger intercellular clefts; fenestrated |
sinusoid capillaries |
|
gaps of unjoined membrance |
intercellular clefts |
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flow through a capillary bed from arteriole to venule |
microcirculation |
|
what is the capillary bed composed of? |
1. vascular shunt 2. true capillaries |
|
formed by uniting venues; 3 distinct tunics; walls are thinner and lumens larger than arteries |
veins |
|
veins can hold up to ______% body's blood supply |
65% |
|
____ doesn't have anastomoses |
retina |
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special interconnections; provided collateral changed (alt. pathways) for blood to reach a given region |
vascular anastomoses |
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arteries supplying the same territory merge |
arterial anastomoses |
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metarteriole-thoroughfare channel shunts of capillary beds |
arteriovenous anastomoses |
|
venous anastomoses |
common; interconnections of veins |
|
force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mmHg) |
blood pressure |
|
what are the three sources of resistance? |
1. blood viscosity 2. total blood vessel length 3. blood vessel diameter |
|
irregular fluid motion; increases resistance |
turbulent flow |
|
speed and position of fluid in diff. regions of tube remains constant |
laminar flow |
|
most resistance comes from _____ |
arterioles |
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blood flow is ______ proportional to difference in blood pressure between two points in circulation |
directly |
|
blood flow is _______ proportional to peripheral resistance in the systemic circulation |
inversely |
|
pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction |
systolic pressure |
|
lowest aortic pressure |
diastolic pressure |
|
what is average pulse pressure? |
systolic - diastolic = 40 mmHg |
|
further away from heart, the ______ the pressure |
lower |
|
what is the equation for MAP? |
diastolic + pulse pressure ________________ 3 |
|
do capillaries and veins have high or low pressure? |
low |
|
respond to increase in CO2, decrease in O2, or pH levels in blood |
chemoreceptors |
|
generated by renin released from kidneys when low blood pressure or volume; stimulates intense vasoconstriction |
angiotensin II |
|
from heart atria; generalized vasodilation |
atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
from hypothalamus; causes intense vasoconstriction |
antidiuretic hormone |
|
alters blood volume independently of hormones |
direct renal mechanism |
|
enhances renal absorption of sodium and water; stimulates sensation of thirst |
indirect renal mechanism |
|
vasoconstrictors |
endothelins |
|
vasodilator |
nitric oxide |
|
number of blood vessels in region increases and existing blood vessels enlarge |
angiogenesis |
|
intermittent flow through capillary networks due to on/off opening and closing of precapillary spincters in response to local auto regulatory controls |
vasomotion |
|
force of fluid pressing against wall (push) |
hydrostatic pressure |
|
created by large nondiffusible molecules (pull) |
colloid osmotic pressure |
|
what is the equation for net filtration pressure? |
NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif - OPc)
|
|
What does the lymphatic system consist of? |
lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes
|
|
what are the functions of the lymphatic system |
1. returns excess tissue fluid into the bloodstream 2. returns leaked proteins to the blood 3. carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood |
|
elaborate networks of drainage vessels that collect excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream; one way system; from capillaries to the heart |
lymphatic vessels |
|
blind-ended; weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in loose connective tissues of body; very permeable; helps regulate fluid volume |
lymphatic capillaries |
|
main defense cells of immune system; protect body against antigens |
lymphocytes |
|
produce plasma cells; secrete antibodies that mark antigens for destruction |
b cells |
|
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate t cells |
macrophages |
|
capture antigens and bring to lymph nodes |
dendritic cells |
|
fibroblast-like; produce fiber network to support other cells in lymphoid organs and tissues |
reticular cells |
|
loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers; in almost every body organ |
diffuse lymphoid tissue |
|
solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers |
lymphoid follicles |
|
proliferating b cells (dividing) |
germinal centers |
|
site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response; cleanses blood; stores platelets and monocytes |
spleen |
|
important during early years of life; functions only in t lymphocyte maturation |
thymus |
|
deeply invaginating epithelium to trap bacteria and particles; allows immune system to build memory |
tonsillar crypts |
|
large clusters of lymphoid follicles in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine |
peyer's patches |
|
tubular offshoot of first part of large intestine with many lymphoid follicles |
appendix
|
|
what are the three phases of coagulation? |
1. formation of prothrombin activator 2. prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin 3. thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin |
|
is extrinsic or intrinsic pathway during coagulation phase 1 faster? |
extrinsic |
|
activated platelets carry ______ charge |
negative |
|
common intermediate where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet |
factor X (ten) |
|
catalyzes conversion of plasma protein prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin |
prothrombin activator |
|
crosslinks fibrin strands tightly together and forms mesh during coagulation phase 3 |
factor XIII (13) |
|
platelets contract and pull fibrin strands squeezing serum (plasma without clotting proteins) |
clot retraction |
|
released by platelets; stimulates rebuilding of vessel wall |
platelet-derived growth factor |
|
removes unneeded clots after healing |
fibrinolysis |
|
fibrin-digesting enzyme; produced when plasma protein plasminogen is activated |
plasmin |
|
inhibits thrombin by enhancing antithrombin III |
heparin |
|
inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin |
antithrombin III |
|
clot develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel |
thrombus |
|
thrombus breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream |
embolus |
|
obstructs blood vessel |
embolism |
|
interferes with vitamin K action in production of clotting factors |
warfarin (coumadin) |