Anatomy - Heart

Front 1

at which chamber is the apex of the heart?

Back 1

left ventricle

Front 2

which chamber of the heart is the most anterior? The most posterior?

Back 2

right ventricle; left atrium

Front 3

what is another name for the anterior surface of the heart? Which is the chamber that is the primary constituent of this surface? This surface lies directly posterior to which two stuctures?

Back 3

sternocostal; right ventricle; sternum and costal cartilage

Front 4

what is another name for the posterior surface of the heart?

Back 4

base of the heart

Front 5

which chambers compose the posterior surface of the heart? Which vessels are involved in this surface?

Back 5

left atrium and part of right atrium; superior and inferior vena cavae

Front 6

which chamber composes the right (pulmonary) surface of the heart? With which organ is this surface in contact?

Back 6

right atrium; right lung

Front 7

which chamber composes the left (pulmonary) surface of the heart? With which organ is this surface in contact?

Back 7

left ventricle and left auricle; left lung

Front 8

which chamber composes the inferior surface of the heart? With with structure is this surface in contact?

Back 8

left and right ventricles; diaphragm

Front 9

what are the constituents of the right border of the heart?

Back 9

superior vena cava, right atrium, inferior vena cava

Front 10

what are the constituents of the left border of the heart?

Back 10

aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, left auricle, and left ventricle

Front 11

what are the constituents of the inferior border of the heart?

Back 11

right ventricle and left ventricle (apex)

Front 12

what are the functions of the left and right auricles of the heart?

Back 12

they have no function -- they are left over from primitive atria during development

Front 13

what is the name for the septum between the two atria? Between the two ventricles?

Back 13

interatrial septum; interventricular septum

Front 14

what are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

Back 14

muscular and membranous parts

Front 15

what are the 3 sources of blood which dump into the right atrium?

Back 15

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Front 16

what is the crista terminalis? In which chamber of the heart is it found?

Back 16

ridge that separates the smooth part of the atrium from the rough part; right atrium

Front 17

from what is the smooth part of the right atrium derived?

Back 17

sinus venosus

Front 18

what are the pectinate muscles?

Back 18

comb-like muscular ridges on the rough part of the right atrium

Front 19

what is the fossa ovalis? In which chamber is it found?

Back 19

circular depression on the interatrial septum that is a remnant of the foramen ovale; right atrium

Front 20

the tricuspid valve lies between which two chambers of the heart?

Back 20

right atrium and right ventricle

Front 21

by which 'strings' is the tricuspid valve anchored? To which muscle is the valve anchored?

Back 21

chordae tendinae; papillary muscles in right ventricle

Front 22

what is the name for the muscular bundles on the wall of the right ventricle?

Back 22

trabeculae carnae

Front 23

what is the role of the papillary muscles?

Back 23

hold the tricuspid valve in a closed position when the ventricle contracts (preventing the valve cusps from flapping back into the atria)

Front 24

do the papillary muscles contract to open or close the tricuspid valve?

Back 24

close

Front 25

what is another name for the moderator band? What is the function of this band?

Back 25

septomarginal trabecula; contains conductive tissue that connects the interventricular septum, anterior papillary muscle, and anterior wall of the right ventricle

Front 26

what is the conus arteriosus? What is another name for this?

Back 26

the smooth outflow tract of the ventricle leading up to the pulmonary valve; infundibulum

Front 27

how many cusps are present in the pulmonary valve? Which two features line either side of the valve?

Back 27

3; conus arteriosus and pulmonary trunk

Front 28

which portion of the left atrium do the pectinate muscles line?

Back 28

left auricle (NOT ATRIUM)

Front 29

in which chamber of heart is valve of foramen ovale found? Of what is this a remnant?

Back 29

left atrium; initial interatrial septum

Front 30

between which two chambers is the bicuspid (mitral) valve found?

Back 30

left atrium and ventricle

Front 31

what is the name for the muscle in the wall of the left ventricle which is in muscular bundles?

Back 31

trabeculae carnae

Front 32

how many cusps are present in the aortic valve?

Back 32

3 cusps

Front 33

when the right and left ventricles contract, what other feature in the ventricles contract?

Back 33

papillary muscles

Front 34

how does the aortic valve close??

Back 34

when the LV relaxes, blood on its way up the aortic arch falls back down and collects in the sinuses of the aortic valve which closes the valve

Front 35

which cells of the heart are resposible for initiating the depolarization of the heart for contraction?

Back 35

SA node

Front 36

where in the heart is the SA node located?

Back 36

anterior part of junction between RA and SVC

Front 37

from where does the AV node receive the impulse for contraction? Where is the AV node located?

Back 37

atria; interatrial septum near opening of coronary sinus and tricuspid valve

Front 38

what is the name for the collection of cells that transmits the impulse of contraction from the AV nodes to the ventricles? In which part of the interventriclular septum is it found? Does it branch?

Back 38

AV bundle; membranous; yes, 2 branches (one for each ventricle)

Front 39

what are the names for the terminal branches of the R and L bundle branches which form a plexus in the ventricular wall to spread the impulse? In which part of the ventricle wall are these branches found?

Back 39

Purkinje fibers; between endocardium and myocardium

Front 40

normally, the SA and AV nodes of the heart are supplied blood by which artery? Which 2 branches?

Back 40

right coronary artery; SA nodal artery and AV nodal artery

Front 41

normally, the AV bundle branches are supplied by which artery? Which branch?

Back 41

left coronary artery; anterior interventricular artery

Front 42

if the conduction tissue of the heart is deprived of blood, a 'heart block' may occur. What is the clinical significance of this?

Back 42

ventricles and atria beating out of sync

Front 43

which two types of neurons supply the heart?

Back 43

GVA and GVE

Front 44

which nerves provide sympathetic motor innervation of the heart? Parasympathetic?

Back 44

cardiac nerves; cardiac branches of the vagus nerve

Front 45

preganglionic sympathetic neurons which supply the heart have their cell bodies where?

Back 45

in the lateral horn of the upper thoracic levels of the spinal cord

Front 46

sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord via which horn? How do they reach the sympathetic chain?

Back 46

ventral root; via the white communicans

Front 47

once in the chain, the sympathetic nerves from T1-T5 synapse with which ganglia?

Back 47

cervical sympathetic ganglia or upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia

Front 48

why do some of the sympathetic nerves which innervate the heart synapse in the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

Back 48

because the heart was more superior in development than it is in an adult

Front 49

what is the name for neurons that leave the sympathetic chain and provide motor innervation for the heart? What impact do these nerves have on the heart?

Back 49

cardiac nerves; increase heart rate, increase strength of contraction, dilate coronary arteries

Front 50

preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the vagus nerve have their cell bodies where? From there, where do they go to reach the heart?

Back 50

brainstem; cardiac plexuses

Front 51

cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons for parasympathetic nerves are located where? Which synapse occurs here?

Back 51

in ganglia in cardiac plexuses on wall of heart; preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

Front 52

cardiac branches of the vagus nerve do what to the heart?

Back 52

decrease the heart rate and constrict the coronary arteries

Front 53

pain fibers traveling from the heart are which kind of neurons? They travel back to the CNS with which other neurons?

Back 53

GVA; sympathetic cardiac nerves

Front 54

the pain fibers from the heart enter which horn of the spinal cord?

Back 54

dorsal horn (sensory)

Front 55

pain from the heart is oftern referred to which region of the body? Why is this so?

Back 55

skin of the chest and left arm

Front 56

reflex fibers from the heart generally travel back to the CNS with whicn neurons? What do they sense?

Back 56

cardiac branches of vagus nerve; changes in blood pressure an chemical content of blood