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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy |
The study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. |
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Physiology |
The study of the functions of the body, how it works. |
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Eleven Characteristics of Life |
Responsiveness, Conductivity, Growth, Respiration, Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Circulation, Reproduction, and Metabolism. |
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Atoms |
Compose every material thing in the universe, including the human body. |
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Molecules |
Chemical groupings formed from combinations of atoms. |
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4 Tissue Types |
Epithileal, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous. |
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Eleven Major Systems of the Human Body |
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, & Reproductive. |
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Integumentary System |
Support and movement, principal organ- skin. Primary functions- protection, temperature regulation, and sensation. |
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Skeletal System |
Support and movement. Principal organs- bones and ligaments. Primary functions- support, protection, movement, mineral and fat storage, blood production. |
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Muscular System |
Support and movement. Principal organs- skeletal muscles and tendons. Primary functions- movement, posture, and heat production. |
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Nervous System |
Communication, control, and integration. Primary organs- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs. Primary functions- control, regulation, coordination of other systems, sensation, and memory. |
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Endocrine System |
Communication, control, and integration. Principal organs- pituitary gland, aldrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, and other glands. Primary function- control and regulate other systems. |
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Cardiovascular System |
Transportation and defense. Primary organs- heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. Primary function- exchange and transport of materials. |
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Lymphatic System |
Transportation and defense. Primary organs- lymph nodes, Lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. Primary functions- immunity and fluid balance. |
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Digestive System |
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion. Principal organs- stomach, small and large intestine, liver, esophagus, mouth, and pancreas. Primary functions- break down & absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste. |
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Urinary System |
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion. Principal organs- kidneys, urethra, bladder, and ureters. Primary functions- excretion of waste, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. |
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Reproductive System |
Reproduction and development. Principal organs, male- testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis. Principal organs, female- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts. Primary function- reproduction, continuity of genetic material, and nurturing of offspring. |
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Respiratory System |
Respiration, nutrition, and excretion. Principal organs- lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, and nasal cavity. Primary functions- gas exchange and acid-base balance. |
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Homeostasis |
The ability for the body to self-regulate to maintain constant conditions for the cells. |
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Components of Feedback Control Loops |
Sensor Mechanisms, Integration Center, Effector Mechanism, Feedback. |
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Afferent Signal |
Nerve impulse or hormone transmitted to a particular center or point of reference. |
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Efferent Signal |
Nerve impulse or hormone transmitted away from a particular center or point of reference |
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Effectors |
Organs, such as muscles or glands, that directly influence controlled physiological variables. |
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Negative Feedback System |
Uses by the body in an attempt to prevent or negate a change within the body. Responsible for maintaining a constant internal environment. |
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Positive Feedback System |
Do not work to maintain a constant internal environment, can be harmful to survival. This system is stimulator, instead of opposing a change in the internal environment, it tends to amplify or increase the change. |
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Feed Forward System |
System where information is passed ahead to a other process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow. |
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Intrinsic Control |
Mechanisms operate at the tissue and organ level. |
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Extrinsic Control |
Outside control, operates at the system and organism levels. |
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Proton |
A particle that carries a positive charge. |
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Electron |
A particle that carries a negative charge. |
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Neuron |
A particle that has no charge, neutral. |
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Octet Rule |
Atoms with fewer or more than 8 electrons will attempt to lose, share, or gain electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. |
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Chemical Bonds/Chemical Reaction |
Interactions between two or more atoms that occur largely as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy level. Most often involves unpaired electrons. |
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Ionic Bonds |
A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. |
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Covalent Bond |
A bond that occurs when two atoms share electrons that are located on the outer energy levels of both atoms. |
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Hydrogen Bond |
Weaker than Ionic and Covalent bonds, this bond forms weaker attachments and require less energy to break. |
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3 Basic Chemical Reactions. |
Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange. |
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Synthesis Reaction |
Two or more substances, called reactant, combine to form a different, more complex substance called a product. A+B----->AB |
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Decomposition Reaction |
In this type of reaction, chemical bonds are broken and energy is released. AB------>A+B+Energy |
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Exchange Reactions |
Decompose two compounds and synthesize two new compounds. AB+CD----->AD+CB |
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Reversible Reactions |
Reactions that proceed in both directions. A+B <---->AB |
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Metabolism |
Describes all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells. |
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Catabolism |
Describes the reactions that break down larger food molecules into smaller units and, in doing so, often release energy. |
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Anabolism |
Involves the many chemical reactions that build larger and more complex chemical molecules from smaller subunits. |
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Organic Compound |
Compounds composed of molecules that contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds, or both kinds of bonds. |
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Inorganic Compound |
Any compound that is not organic; some simple compounds that contain carbon, but not carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. |
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Hydrophilic |
Substances that interact readily with water. |
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Hydrophobic |
Water fearing. |
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Buffers |
Minimize pH changes in the cells. |
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Monosaccharide |
Simple sugars that typically contain from 3-7 carbon atoms; single sugar. |
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Disaccharide |
Contains two monosaccharide rings joined by a glycosidic linkage, consisting of a central oxygen covalently bonded to two carbons, one on each ring; two sugars. |
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Isomers |
Have the same molecular formula, but different structures. |
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Structural Isomers |
Compounds that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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Geometric Isomers |
Identical in their arrangement of their covalent bonds, but different in the spatial arrangement. |
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Enantiomers |
Mirror images of isomers. |
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Polysaccharide |
Macromolecules consisting of repeating units of simple sugars, usually glucose. |
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Starches |
A polymer consisting of a-glucose subunits; the typical form of carvohydrate used for energy storage in plants. |
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Glycogen |
The form in which subunits, joined by a 1-4 linkages are as energy sources in animal tissues. |
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Lipids |
Water-insoluble organic biomolecules. |
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Triglycerides |
The most abundant lipids, function as the body's most concentrated source of energy; fats. |
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Saturated Fatty Acid |
All available bonds of it's hydrocarbon chain are filled, or saturated, with hydrogen atoms. |
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid |
Has one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain because not all the chain's carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogen atoms. |
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Amino acids |
The constituents of proteins. |
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Essential Amino Acids for Humans |
Isoleucine, Leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, and histidine. |
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Peptide Bond |
The covalent carbon-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids together. |
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Dipeptide |
Two amino acids combined. |
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Polypeptide |
More than two amino acids combine. |
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Nucleic Acids |
Transmit hereditary information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures. |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
Composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates; is of major importance as the primary energy currency of all cells. |