Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
280 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 5 levels of organization from smallest to largest?
|
1. Cells
2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ System 5. Organism |
|
Groups of cells similar in structure and function:
|
Tissues
|
|
What are the four types of tissues?
|
1. Epithelial
2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nerve |
|
Epithelial tissue is supported by ________
|
Connective tissue
|
|
True or False: Epithelial tissues contain no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
|
True
|
|
True or False: Epithelial tissues rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
|
True
|
|
What are the 3 different cell layers of Epithelium?
|
1. Simple
2. Stratified 3. Pseudostratified |
|
Define psuedostratified:
|
Looks layered but it's not, all cells rest on a basement membrane
|
|
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissues?
|
1. Cuboidal
2. Columnar 3. Squamous |
|
Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?
|
1. Alveoli (air sacs) of lungs
2. Lining of heart 3. Blood vessels 4. Lymphatic vessels |
|
Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
|
1. Kidney tubules
2. Ducts 3. Ovary surface |
|
Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?
|
1. Digestive tract
2. Gallbladder 3. Uterine tubes |
|
Function of the nervous tissue:
|
Internal communication
|
|
Function of the muscle tissue:
|
Contracts to cause movement
|
|
Functions of the epithelial tissue:
|
1. Forms boundaries between different environments
2. Protects 3. Secretes 4. Absorbs 5. Filters |
|
Functions of connective tissue:
|
1. Supports
2. Protects 3. Binds -other tissues together |
|
Examples of nervous tissue are:
|
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord 3. Nerves |
|
Examples of muscle tissue are:
|
1. Muscles of the heart
2. Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth) |
|
Examples of epithelial tissue:
|
1. Lines digestive tract organs and hollow organs
2. Skin surface |
|
Examples of connective tissue:
|
1. Bones
2. Tendons 3. Fat and other soft padding tissue |
|
Functions of simple squamous epithelium:
|
1. Diffusion
2. Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lympathic and cardiovascular systems |
|
Function of simple cuboidal epithelium:
|
Secretion and absorbtion
|
|
Function of simple columnar epithelium:
|
Secretion and absorbtion
|
|
Goblet cells are found in this layer
|
Simple columnar epithelium
|
|
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
|
Secretion and propulsion of mucus
|
|
Present in male sperm-carrying ducts and trachea and is cilliated:
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
|
|
Function of stratified squamous epithelium:
|
Protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
|
|
Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium?
|
1. Lining esophagus
2. Mouth 3. Vagina |
|
Quite rare epithelium tissue that is found in some sweat and mammary glands (typically 2 layers thick)
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
|
|
This epithelium tissue is limited in the body but found in the pharynx, and male urethra.
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
|
|
Basal cells are:
|
Cuboidal
|
|
Surface cells are:
|
Dome shaped
|
|
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder (expands with fluid):
|
Transitional epithelium
|
|
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters and part of the urethra
|
Transitional epithelium
|
|
Ductless glands that produce hormones:
|
Endocrine glands
|
|
A ______ is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
|
Gland
|
|
Intracellular:
|
Inside the cell
|
|
Intercellular:
|
In between cells
|
|
True or False: Endocrine glands secrete amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids.
|
True
|
|
More numerous than endocrine glands
|
Exocrine glands
|
|
Examples of exocrine glands:
|
1. Mucous
2. Sweat 3. Oil 4. Salivary glands |
|
The only important unicellular gland the __________
|
Goblet cell
|
|
Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a ______ and ________ unit
|
Duct and secretory
|
|
Exocrine glands:
|
Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
|
|
_____ tissue binds all tissue together :
|
Connective Tissue
|
|
_____ tissue supports all cells and tissues:
|
Connective Tissue
|
|
True or False: Connective tissue has a large amount of matrix
|
True
|
|
These three things are common in connective tissue:
|
1. Cells
2. Fiber 3. Matrix |
|
-blast means:
|
Young cell
|
|
-cyte means:
|
Mature cell
|
|
Strongest connective tissue:
|
Bone
|
|
Simplest connective tissue:
|
connective tissue proper
|
|
Liquid connective tissue:
|
blood
|
|
Chondrocyte means:
|
cartilage
|
|
Types of fibers in connective tissue:
|
Collagen, Elastic and reticular
|
|
Connective tissue proper is:
|
Soft, Loose
|
|
Cartilage is:
|
Rubbery
|
|
Bones are:
|
Hard, Rigid
|
|
Matrix is __% water, calcium phosphate and hydroxyl apallia:
|
65%
|
|
Matrix is __% collagen fiber
|
35%
|
|
The ______ lines the medullary cavity
|
Endosteum
|
|
_______ is dense, fibrous connective tissue
|
Periosteum
|
|
Bone is very _____ (bloody)
|
Vascular
|
|
True or False: Hematopoietic tissue is found in infants and adults
|
True
|
|
Hematopoietic tissue in infants is found:
|
In the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
|
|
Hematopoietic tissue in adults is found in:
|
1. The inner layer of flat bones
2. The head of the femur and humerus |
|
Dense outer layer of the bone
|
Compact bone
|
|
What does dense mean?
|
Doesn't have much space
|
|
Honeycomb of trabeculae (beams) filled with yellow bone marrow that contain lots of space:
|
Spongy bone
|
|
What does lamallae mean?
|
Lots of layers
|
|
True or false: The haversian system carries blood, nerves and lymphatic vessels
|
True
|
|
If the matrix in bones wa 70/30, the bones would be:
|
Brittle
|
|
If bone matrix ratio was 50/50 you would have:
|
Soft bone
|
|
Osteoblasts are:
|
Bone forming cell
|
|
Osteocytes are:
|
Mature bone cells
|
|
Osteoclasts are:
|
Large cells that break down bone matrix
|
|
True or False:Unmineralized bone matrix has more collagen than calcium phosphate
|
True
|
|
True or False: Osteoids are unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen
|
True!
|
|
What are the five things calcium is necessary for?
(They are calcium dependent) |
1. Transmission of nerve impulses
2. Muscle contraction 3. Blood coagulation (clotting) 4. Secretion by glands and nerve cells 5. Cell division |
|
Interstitial means:
|
From inside out
|
|
Appositional means:
|
From outside, in
|
|
Intramembraous means:
|
Direct bone formation without a cartilage model (Bones of the skull are formed this way)
|
|
Endochondrial Ossification means:
|
Indirect and uses a cartilage model
|
|
-ase means:
|
Enzymes
|
|
What does divergent mean?
|
Open up
|
|
What does convergent mean?
|
To close
|
|
Where two different bones touch eachother
|
Articulations
|
|
Osteoporosis means
|
Loss of bone
|
|
A disease in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
|
Osteoporosis
|
|
Osteoporosis occurs most often in ___________ ______
|
Postmenopausal women
|
|
Synarthrosis joints are:
|
1. Fibrous
2. immovable |
|
Amphiarthrosis joints are:
|
1. cartilageinous
2. slightly movable |
|
Synovial joints are:
(diarthrosis) |
immovable
|
|
Examples of a synarthrosis joint is:
|
1. Skull sutures
|
|
Examplse of ampiarthrosis joints are:
|
1. Pubic Symphysis
2. Intervertebral disc |
|
Synovial fluid is _____ with no ____ ____ ______
|
Thick, red blood cells (lubricating)
|
|
To produce synovial fluid, you need a ________ _______ movement plus the correct speed of motion
|
Convergent wedge
|
|
When you hear "fibrous" they're usually talking about:
|
Connective tissue
|
|
True or False: Sutures bind bones tightly together but allow for growth during youth
|
True
|
|
Cartilaginous Joints lack:
|
A joint cavity
|
|
The two types of cartilaginous joints:
|
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses |
|
Covering around bone:
|
Periosteum
|
|
Hyaline cartilage prevents:
|
Bone from rubbing together
|
|
Examples where hyaline cartilage is located:
|
1. intervertebral joints
2. pubic symphysis |
|
When hyaline cartilage cover cap wears away, it is the beginning of what:
|
Arthritic Change
|
|
Synovial joints have:
|
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Joint cavity 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Fluid produced by convergent motion 6. Reinforcing ligaments 7. Wide range of motion |
|
The more "free" a joint is, the easier it is to:
|
Dislocate
|
|
Hinge joint: Also called:
|
Ginglymus joint
|
|
Example of a hinge joint:
|
Elbow
|
|
Ball and socket joint: also called:
|
Enarthrosis
|
|
Example of a ball and socket joint
|
Shoulder-arm
Femur-hip |
|
Hinge joints are:
|
Fixed
|
|
Ball and socket joints move:
|
freely
|
|
Pivot joint: Also called:
|
Trochoid
|
|
True or false: Pivoit joints rotary motion in one plane:
|
True
|
|
Example of a pivot joint:
|
Radius rotates on the humerus
|
|
Condyloid joints: also called:
|
Ellipsoid (cupped hands)
|
|
True or False: Condyloid joints permit motion in 2 planes, but not rotation
|
True
|
|
Example of a condyloid joint:
|
Carpal-Carpal
|
|
Arthroidal joint: also called:
|
Gliding
|
|
Example of arthroidal joint:
|
Saddle joint, thumb, carpal- metacarpal
|
|
Movement of a plane joint:
|
Slipping of surfaces
|
|
Plane joints are ____ bones
|
flat bones
|
|
Example of plane joints:
|
Intercarpal or intertarsal bones
|
|
True or False: Plane joints don't allow for rotary motion
|
True
|
|
Gliding:
|
Intercarpal. intertarsal
|
|
Angular flexion:
|
Example- flexing muscles
|
|
Dorsiflexion means:
|
lifting foot to shin
|
|
Plantar flexion means:
|
pointing toes
|
|
Circumduction:
|
Circular movement
|
|
Example of a rotation joint
|
hip or shoulder joint
|
|
Example of protration and retraction would be in the ____
|
mandible
|
|
Gliding movement resembles:
|
the queen wave
|
|
Axis allows you to say _____ with your head
|
no
|
|
Rotation means:
|
turning of a bone around its own long axis
|
|
Pronation:
|
Hand face down
|
|
Supination:
|
Hand palm up
|
|
Bring foot in:
|
inversion
|
|
Bring foot out:
|
eversion
|
|
Sticking jaw out:
|
protraction
|
|
Sticking jaw back in:
|
retraction
|
|
Extension of a synovial capsule
|
Bursa
|
|
Bursa can be:
|
1. Articular
2. Subcutaneous |
|
Inflammation of the bursa:
|
Bursitis
|
|
Examples of Bursitis:
|
1. Tennis elbow
2. Housemaids knee 3. Bunion- Joint in great toe |
|
Any joint inflammation:
|
Arthritis
|
|
Causes of arthritis
|
1. Infection
2. Misuse- cracking knuckles 3. Aging 4. Gout |
|
What are the two types of arthritis
|
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Cartilage injuries can be repaired with:
|
Arthroscopic surgery
|
|
When bones are forced out of alignment:
|
dislocation
|
|
Partial dislocation of a joint:
|
Subluxation
|
|
Calcitionin is a:
|
Polypeptide (protein)
|
|
Calcitonin _____ blood ca levels
|
lowers
|
|
Parathyroid hormones ______ ca levels
|
raises
|
|
Osteoblasts and osteocytes do what:
|
Make bone
|
|
Osteoclasts do what:
|
Destroy bone
|
|
What do the canaliculi do:
|
Get rid of waste products
|
|
Osteomalacia is a ______ insufficiency.
|
Vitamin D
|
|
Inadequately mineralized bones lead to this:
|
Rickets
|
|
Disease of "losing bone"
|
Osteoporosis
|
|
Band of fiberous connective tissue that connects bone to bone:
|
ligament
|
|
Muscle to bone:
|
Tendon
|
|
Rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum at a fixed point:
|
Lever
|
|
Effort in a lever system is the:
|
force applied
|
|
Resistance moved by effort in a lever system:
|
Load
|
|
What are the three components of a lever system:
|
1. Bone
2. Joint 3. Muscle |
|
Nodding your head 'yes' is an example of what class lever system:
|
Class one
|
|
Class one lever system consists of:
|
LFE
(load, fulcrum, effort) |
|
Standing on your tippy toes is an example of what class lever system:
|
Class two
|
|
Class two lever system consists of:
|
FLE
(fulcrum, load, effort) |
|
Most common class of lever system in the body:
|
Class three
|
|
Class three lever system consists of:
|
LEF
(load, effort, fulcrum) |
|
Stability is determined by:
|
Articular surfaces and ligaments
|
|
Muscle tone is accomplished by:
|
Muscle tendons
|
|
What does antagonistic mean?
|
Opposing
|
|
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland:
|
Parathyroid hormones
|
|
What does cruciate mean:
|
To cross
|
|
The type of arthritis you dont want:
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues
|
Gouty arthritis
|
|
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity:
|
Diaphysis
|
|
Yellow bone marrow inside this:
|
Medullary cavity
|
|
Another name for yellow bone marrow:
|
Fat
|
|
Compact bone is _____
|
Solid
|
|
When you get old the _______ ________ gets hard when you stop growing
|
Epiphyseal line
|
|
What does antagonistic mean?
|
Opposing
|
|
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland:
|
Parathyroid hormones
|
|
What does cruciate mean:
|
To cross
|
|
The type of arthritis you dont want:
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues
|
Gouty arthritis
|
|
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity:
|
Diaphysis
|
|
Yellow bone marrow inside this:
|
Medullary cavity
|
|
Another name for yellow bone marrow:
|
Fat
|
|
Compact bone is _____
|
Solid
|
|
When you get old the _______ ________ gets hard when you stop growing
|
Epiphyseal line
|
|
Surrounds the medullary cavity
|
Endosteum
|
|
Surrounds the bone:
|
Periosteum
|
|
Epiphyses is covered by:
|
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
|
|
What does hematopolesis mean:
|
Blood cell production
|
|
Enzymes rely on:
|
Calcium
|
|
There are ____ bones in the skeletal system:
|
206
|
|
What are the 4 types of skeletons:
|
Hydro skeleton
braced frame exoskeleton endoskeleton |
|
Blood cells are produced by the ______ cavity
|
Medullary Cavity
|
|
Example of hydro skeleton:
|
Jellyfish, earthworm
|
|
Example of braced frame skeleton:
|
Any solid material
|
|
Example of exoskeleton:
|
Crab
Lobster |
|
Example of endoskeleton:
|
Bone-
Axial Appendicular |
|
Axial skeleton runs _____
|
Vertically (spine)
|
|
Appendicular skeleton:
|
Legs, arms
|
|
The bones of the ear are called:
|
Auditory Ossicles
|
|
How many bones are in the ear;
|
6
|
|
True or false: Bone is built on the decay of cartilage
|
True
|
|
The ratio of matrix:
|
65 % and 35%
|
|
Hemoatopoietic tissue in infants is found in the:
|
Medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
|
|
Hematopoietic tissue in adults is found in:
|
Inner layer of flat bones, head of femur and humerus
|
|
Avascular means:
|
If cut, doesnt bleed
|
|
True or False: Epithelial tissue rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
|
True
|
|
Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped nuclei and very little cytoplasm
|
Simple Squamous epithelium
|
|
Single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical central nuclei
|
Simple cuboidal epithelium
|
|
Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cillia
|
Simple columnar epithelium
|
|
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface: Cilliated
|
Psuedostratified columnar epithelia
|
|
Thick membrane composed of serveral layers of cells, found in areas subjected to abrasion
|
Stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
Epithelial tissue that is quite rare in the body, found in sweat and mammary glands
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
|
|
Epithelial tissue that is limited, found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lines some gladular ducts
|
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
|
|
Stretches to permit the distention of the urinary bladder
|
Transitional epithelium
|
|
Examples of this gland include muceus, sweat, oil and salivary glands
|
Exocrine glands
|
|
One or more cells that make and secrete aquaous fluid
|
A gland
|
|
Ductless glands that produce hormones
|
Endocrine Glands
|
|
Secrete amino acids, proteins, and glycoproteins and steroids into blood vessels or intercellular spaces
|
Endocrine glands
|
|
This tissue:
1. Binds all tissues together 2. Supports all cells and tissues 3. Has a large amount of matrix 4. Has a small cell population |
Connective tissue
|
|
Loose fibers are:
|
Subcutaneous
|
|
Dense fibers are:
|
Ligaments and tendons
|
|
Types of fibers:
|
1. Collagen
2. Elastic 3. Reticular |
|
Contains water, collagen, mucopolysccharides, hylauronic acid and chondrotin
|
Matrix
|
|
What are the 5 types of connective tissue?
|
1. Mucous
2. Loose areolar 3. White fibrous 4. Elastic 5. Adipose |
|
Loose, only occurs in embryos
|
Mucous Connective Tissue
|
|
This connective tissue is semi-fluid, loose and fills spaces between organs, lies beneath epithelial membranes and beneith skin
|
Loose (Areolar) Connective tissue
|
|
This connective tissue wraps and cushions organs and is widely distributed throughout the body with a gel-like matrix
|
Connective tissue proper: loose
|
|
This type of connective tissue is composed of densly packed collagen, provides strong support (tendons and ligaments)
|
White fibrous connective tissue
|
|
This type of connective tissue:
Attaches muscle to bone, or bone to bone Its major cell is fibroblasts |
Connective tissue proper: Dense regular
|
|
This type of connective cell is:
Very loose Fat cells Contain collagen and elastic fibers |
Adipose Connective Tissue
|
|
This type of connective tissue:
Contain Chondroblasts, lacunae, perichondrium, and has no blood vessels |
Cartilage connective tissue
|
|
This type of connective tissue:
Supports, reinforces, cushions and resists compression Forms the costal cartilage Found in end of long bones |
Hyaline Cartilage
|
|
This type of cartilage:
Contains no blood vessels or nerves Surrounded by perichondrium that resists outward expansion |
Skeletal Cartilage
|
|
This type of connective tissue:
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing flexability Supports the external ear |
Elastic Connective tissue
|
|
This cartilage is found in:
1. Surface of bones 2. Ribs 3. Nose 4. Trachea |
Hyaline Cartilage
|
|
This cartilage is found in:
1. Intervertebral discs 2. Pubic symphysis |
White fibrous
|
|
This cartilage is found in:
1. External ear 2. Eustachian Tube |
Yellow Elastic Cartilage
|
|
This cartilage is most abundant in skeletal cartilage
|
Hyaline
|
|
This cartilage provides flexability and resilience
|
Hyaline
|
|
This system is the structural unit of compact bone:
|
Haversian System
|
|
Weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed of mainly collagen
|
Lamella
|
|
Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
|
Haversian Canal
|
|
Channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the haversian canal
|
Volkmann's Canal
|
|
Mature bone cells
|
Osteocytes
|
|
Small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes
|
Lacunae
|
|
Hair-like canals that connect lacunae to eachother and the central canal
|
Canaliculi
|
|
The only tissue that can contract
|
Muscle tissue
|
|
This tissue is:
1. Highly cellular 2. Well vascular 3. Responsible for movement 4. Irritable-contractive 5. Skeletal, cardiac or smooth |
Muscle tissue
|
|
Skeletal muscle is:
|
Voluntary Striated
|
|
Cardiac Muscle is:
|
Involuntary Striated
|
|
Smooth Muscle is:
|
Involuntary nonstriated
|
|
This type of muscle tissue is:
1. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated with striations 2. Initiates and controls voluntary movement |
Skeletal Muscle tissue
|
|
This type of muscle tissue is located in the walls of the heart and is involuntary striated
|
Cardiac Muscle tissue
|
|
This type of muscle tissue is: involuntary nonstriated
|
Smooth muscle tissue
|
|
This type of tissue:
1. is the main component of the brain, spinal cord and nerves 2. Generate, and conduct nerve impulses |
Nervous tissue
|
|
Neurons contain 3 different aspects:
|
Sensory
Motor Association |
|
Sensory nerves are:
|
Input
|
|
Motor nerves are:
|
Output
|
|
There are 2 cell types in nervous tissue:
|
Neurons and glial cells
|
|
1. Blood supply
2. Very little regeneration 3. No mitosis 4. Cell death Characteristics of what type of tissue |
Nervous
|
|
Chromatolysis means:
|
Cell death
|
|
What are the 3 types of body membranes?
|
1. Muceous
2. Serous 3. Synovial |
|
This membrane lines cavities that open to the outside- except the ear
|
Mucous membrane
|
|
This membrane lines cavities close to the outside with 2 layers of membranes:
1. Viceral 2. Parietal |
Serous Membrane
|
|
Visceral means:
|
Inner
|
|
Parietal means:
|
Outer
|
|
Pleura, and pericardium are examples of:
|
Serous membrane
|
|
This membrane consists of moveable joints:
|
Synovial membrane
|
|
Cutaneous means:
|
Skin
|
|
This membrane moistens membranes found in cloased ventral body
|
Serous
|