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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
in a healthy 80kg resting adult, the heart beats about ____ time per min
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75
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the amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per min (about 5.25 Liters) is called the what?
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cardiac output
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when the body is active and the cells need more oxygen and nutrients delivered at a faster pase, the heart can increase its output how much
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5 or 6 times more
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arteries carry blood ____
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away from the heart
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veins carry blood _______
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to the heart
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arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called what?
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great vessels (cuz they have relatively larger diameter)
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the hearts anatomy ensures the _____ _______ of blood through it. backflow of blood is prevented by valves within the heart,
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unidirectional flow
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the heart acts like 2 side by side pumps that work at the same rate and pump the same volume of blood; one directs blood ____________, while the other directs blood __________
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to the lungs for gas exchange, to the body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery
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the heart develops _____ _____ through alternate cycles of heart wall contracion and relaxation
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blood pressure
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blood pressure is what?
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the force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of the vessels.
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what are the 2 circulations
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pulmonary and systematic
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where is pulmonary circulation?
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chambers on the right side of the heart (right atrium and right ventricles) as well as the pulmonary arteries and veins
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what does pulmonary circulation do?
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conveys blood to the lungs through pulmonary arteries to reduce carbon dioxide and replenish oxygen in the blood before returning to the heart in pulmonary veins.
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where is systematic circulation?
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chambers of the left side of the heart (left atrium and left ventricle) along with all other named blood vessels.
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what does systematic circulation do?
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carries blood to all peripheral organs and tissues of the body. blood that is high in oxygen from the left side of the heart is pumped to the aorta.
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gas is exchanged with tissues from bodys smallest vessels called what
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capillaries
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systematic veins carry....
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blood low in oxygen and high in C02 and waste back to the heart
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most veins merge and drain in the ______ and ______ _____ _____ which drain the blood into the right atrium
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superior and inferior venae cavae.
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what is the right border of the heart
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primarily formed by the right atrium and ventricle, located more anteriorly
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what is the left border?
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primarily formed by the left atrium and ventricle, locted more posteriorly
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what is the superior border?
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formed by the great arterial trunks (ascending aorta and pulmonary trunks) and the superior vena cava
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base of heart?
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posterosuperior surface of heart formed mostly of left atrium
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what is the inferior border?
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formed by right ventricle
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what is the outside layer of the pericardium made from
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tough, dense connective tissue called FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
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what is the inside layer of heart made of?
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a thin, double- layered serous membrane called a serous pericardium.
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visceral layer is?
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a serous pericardium also called the epicardium that covers the outside of heart
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pericardial cavity
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thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium
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pericarditis (clinical view)
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inflammation of the hearts preicardium
caused by virus, bacteria or fungi pain located over the center or left of chest, may extend to the neck or left shoulder results in loss od lubricating action of serous membrane |
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epicardium is?
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outermost layer of the heart aka visceral layer of serous pericardium. its composed of serous membrane and areolar connective tissure
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myocardium is?
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middle layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue the myocardium is the thickest of the 3 layers.
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size of the heart
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approximately the size of a person’s clenched fist
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how much does the heart weigh?
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In the average normal adult, it weighs about 250 to 350 grams
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The heart wall is composed of an outer _______ (visceral layer of the serous pericardium), a middle _______ (cardiac muscle), and an inner _______, (composed of areolar connective tissue and an endothelium).
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epicaridum, myocardium, endocardium
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The left and right ____ are thin-walled chambers located superiorly.
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atria
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The anterior part of each atrium is a wrinkled, flaplike extension, called an _____
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auricle cuz it resembles an ear
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The right atrium receives blood from the _______circulation, and the left atrium receives blood from the ______ circulation
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systematic, pulmonary
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2 large arteries, the ________ _________ and the ______, exit the heart at its superior border.
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pulmonary trunk, aorta
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The ______ _______ carries blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary circulation, while the aorta conducts blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation.
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pulmonary trunk
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the ventricles each pump ________ amount of blood per min
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the same
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The first sound heard with a stethoscope is the result of the AV valves ______; producing a “lubb” sound. The second sound is produced when the semilunar valves ______; producing a “dupp” sound
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closing, close
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Right atrioventricular valve
location, structure, and function |
location:Between right atrium and right ventricle
structure: Three triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium; chordae tendineae attached to free edges function: Prevents backflow of blood into right atrium when ventricles contract |
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
location, structure, and function |
location:Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
structure: 3 semilunar cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium; no chordae tendineae function:Prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle when ventricles relax |
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Left atrioventricular valve
location, structure, and function |
location: Between left atrium and left ventricle
structure: Two triangular-shaped cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium; chordae tendineae attached to free edges function: Prevents backflow of blood into left atrium when ventricles contract |
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Aortic semilunar valve
location, structure, function |
location: Between left ventricle and ascending aorta
structure: Three semilunar cusps of dense connective tissue covered by endothelium; no chordae tendineae function: Prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle when ventricles relax |
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Four thick regions of ___________ _______ _________tissue encircle the four heart valves and the origins of the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
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strong dense regular connective
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The _________ receives venous blood from the systemic circulation and the heart muscle itself.
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right atrium
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The superior vena cava drains blood from.....
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the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk
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the __________ drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk
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inferior vena cava
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the ____________ drains blood from the heart wall.
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coronary sinus
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The _____ ________forms a thin wall between the right and left atria.
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interatrial (in-ter-ā′trē-ăl) septum
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The posterior atrial wall is smooth, but the auricle and anterior wall exhibit obvious muscular ridges, called?
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pectinate muscles
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Inspection of the interatrial septum reveals an oval depression called the, ____ _____ also called the _____ ______
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fossa ovalis, oval fossa
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Separating the right atrium from the right ventricle is the right ___________ _________.
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atrioventricular opening.
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right _______ valve (also called the tricuspid valve, since it has three triangular cusps).
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atrioventricular(AV)
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The right ventricle receives _________ venous blood from the right atrium
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deoxygenated
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An ________ _____forms a thick wall between the right and left ventricles.
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interventricular septum
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The internal wall surface of each ventricle displays characteristic large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges, called the ____ ______
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trabeculae carneae
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The right ventricle typically has 3 cone-shaped, muscular projections called_________ muscles, which anchor numerous thin strands of collagen fibers called chordae tendineae
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papillary (pap′i-lăr-ē; papilla = nipple)
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The ______ _______attach to the lower surface of cusps of the right AV valve and prevent the valve from everting and flipping into the atrium when the right ventricle is contracting.
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chordae tendineae
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A muscle bundle called the _______ _______or moderator band, connects the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum.
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septomarginal trabecula (see figure 22.6)
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At its superior end, the right ventricle narrows into a smooth-walled, conical region called the ______ _______?
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conus arteriosus.
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______ valve, which marks the end of the right ventricle and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk divides shortly into right and left pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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pulmonary semilunar,
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Once gas exchange occurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins to the ____ ____
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left atrium
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Separating the left atrium from the left ventricle is the left ________ _________
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atrioventricular opening.
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The left ventricular wall is typically ___ times thicker than the right ventricular wall
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3
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the _____ ____ ______ marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta
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aortic semilunar valve
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The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle, cuz it must generate a force sufficient to push blood through the ________ ______ to capillary beds.
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systemic circulation
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abnormal heart sounds, called a ____ _______, are the 1st indication of heart problems. These sounds may be heard before, during, or after normal heart sounds, it is usually the result of turbulence of the blood as it passes through the heart, and may be caused by valvular leakage, decreased valve flexibility or a misshapen valve.
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heart murmur
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_______ ______ ______, which supplies the right border of the heart
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right marginal artery
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