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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The field of chemistry that primarily deals with the element carbon
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Organic Chemistry
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The field of chemistry that deals with carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
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Biochemistry
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Approximately how many different elements are there?
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~100
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Do any two elements have the same symbol?
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No
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The atomic weight rounded to the nearest whole number is termed what?
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The Mass Number
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What is the symbol for sodium?
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Na
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Which subatomic units are found in the theoretical model nucleus?
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Protons and Neutrons
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Are all atoms neutral?
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Yes
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What is the maximum number of electrons in energy level (shell) two?
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8
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The number of protons is derived from what?
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Number of Electrons (which always equals the atomic number)
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The number of electrons in the theoretical model of an atom always equals the number of what?
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Protons
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What term is used to describe an atom called that has gained or lost electrons?
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Ion
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The symbol for the sodium ion is what?
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Na+
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What is the symbol for the chlorine ion?
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Cl-
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What are the two ways a phosphate ion can be written?
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(PO4)-3 PO4 ---
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What two ways can the symbol for the sulfate ion be written?
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SO4= (SO4)-2
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What prefix indicated large size?
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Macro
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Are all molecules produced by the cell macro-molecular?
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No
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The cell membrane has a double _________ __________
Layer |
Lipid (phospolipid) Protein Layer
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In general, the cell membrane has established a permeable level so that molecules that have a molecular weight beyond what do not enter the cell?
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3,000 M.W.
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What is the formula for glucose?
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C6 H12 O6
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What is the molecular weight of glucose?
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180 M.W.
Figured by multiplying each element subscript by its mass # such as: C 6 X 12 = 72 H 12 X 1 = 12 O 6 X 16 = 96 ____________ M.W. 180 Numbers are on Periodic Table |
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Do all hexose monosaccarides have the same molecular weight?
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Yes. Hexose means 6 carbons. So if the general formula for a monosaccaride is
Cn H2n On and Carbon has six the other two have to follow the formula making the same M.W. of 180 |
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Are there molecules that have a molecular weight greater than 25,000
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Yes
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Would insulin be characterized as macromolecular?
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Yes
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Indentations (invaginations) in the cell membrane where ribosomes are located is termed what?
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Where are proteins synthesized (cell organelle)?
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Ribosomes
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Energy is produced in the cell in which cell organelle?
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Mitochondria
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Which monosaccharide is utilized to ultimately recharge ADP---->ATP?
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Glucose
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What is the collective term for all intracellular reactions?
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Metabolism
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Do most human cell function occur at a pH just slightly beyond 7.0?
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Yes
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On the pH scale what is any solution between 0 and 7 termed?
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An Acid
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Is vinegar a stronger acid than H SO ?
2 4 |
No vinegar is not strong than battery acid.
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Does a cerebral stroke result in the loss of selected brain cells due to drastic change in celluar pH?
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Yes
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How many numbers of elements does the element carbon always share?
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4
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What is the simplest hydocarbon and what is its chemical formula?
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Methane
CH4 |
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What is the formula for ehtyl alcohol?
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C2 H5 OH
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What is an Isotope?
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Form of an element whose atoms contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and thus differ in atomic weight.
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True or False:
Carbohydrates are sugars |
TRUE
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True or False:
All carbohydrates contain C, H, O |
TRUE
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What is the simplest type of carbohydrate?
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monosaccaride
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What is the general formula for a monosaccaride?
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Cn H2n On
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What are two examples of pentoses?
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Ribose and Deoxyribose
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What is the specific formula for a hexose monosaccharide?
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C6 H12 O6
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Is glucose a hexose monosaccharide carbohydrate?
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Yes
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Is fructose and aldose monosaccaride?
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No, it is a ketose because the position of the carbon double bond to oxygen is not attached to and end (or terminal) carbon.
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True or False:
Glucose will taste sweet to humans |
False
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What is the general formula for a disaccaride?
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Cn H2n-2 On-1
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In the plant cell, what organelle is where photosynthesis occurs?
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Chloroplast
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What is the polysaccharide stored by plants called?
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Starch
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What is the general formula for a polysaccharide?
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(C6 H10 O5)n
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Do all plants produce the same type of polysaccharide?
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No
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K
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Potassium
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Mg
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Magnesium
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Ca
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Calcium
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Mn
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Manganese
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Fe
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Iron
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Co
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Cobalt
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Ni
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Nickel
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Cu
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Copper
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Ag
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Silver
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Au
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Gold
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Zn
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Zinc
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Hg
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Mercury
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Al
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Aluminium
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C
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Carbon
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N
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Nitrogen
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P
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Phosphorous
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O
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Oxygen
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S
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Sulphur
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Cl
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Chlorine
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I
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Iodine
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He
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Helium
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Ne
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Neon
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U
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Uranium
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As
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Arsenic
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Pb
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Lead
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H
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Hydrogen
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NH4+
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Ammonium Ion
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OH-
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Hydroxyl Ion
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H+
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Hydrogen Ion
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Ca++
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Calcium Ion
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K+
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Potasium Ion
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HCO3-
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Bicarbonate Ion
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What is protoplasm
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Collectively, all fluid and its contents inside the cell membrane or inside any cell organelle
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What is cytoplasm
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Fluid material in the cell
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What is nucleoplasm
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Fluid material occuring inside the nuclear membrane
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What are cell organelles?
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Cell parts
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What is a compound?
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Groups of elements sharing electrons and exhibiting a neutral charge
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What is Molecular weight?
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The sum of all atomic weights of elements that comprise a compound
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What is an isotope?
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atoms of the same atomic number, but different atomic weights due to unequal numbers of neutrons
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What is an Ion?
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atoms that have gained or lost electrons
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What is pH?
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Indication of the concentration of H+ in a solution expressed in grams of ions/liter.
Scale: 1-7 acid 7 is netral 7-14 base |
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What is the normal pH of human blood?
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7.4
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What term describes what happens if blood pH drops below normal levels?
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acidosis
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What term describes what happens if blood pH rises above normal levels?
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Alkalosis
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What is a Hydrocarbon?
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Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
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What are alcohols?
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Derivatives of hydrocarbons in which a hydrogen is replaced by an OH (hydroxyl) group
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What is an Aromatic Hydrocarbon?
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Compounds whose structure can be represented in a ring formation
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What are aliphatic compounds?
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Organic compounds in which the carbon atoms are joined in a straight or branched chain
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What is the simplest ring (aromatic) hydrocarbon?
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Benzene-which is also the parent substance of all aromatic compounds
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What is the simplest aliphatic compound?
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Methane (CH4)
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What makes a monosaccharide a ketose?
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Carbon double bond occurs within the chain
an example of a ketose is fructose |
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What makes a monosaccharide an aldose?
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The double bond is attached to an end (terminal) carbon
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How much protein does a fit adult body contain?
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12-18%
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How are enzymes named?
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Generally end in the suffix
-ase |
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When is a protein considered complex?
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When the protein has a cofactor such as a mineral, vitamin, or vitamin derivative
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What functions can protein serve?
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Structural, Regulatory, Contractile, Immunological, Transport, and Catalytic
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What is a peptide bond?
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amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acis join with the subsequent dehydration of a molecule of H20
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Do plants synthesize all of their amino acids?
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Yes
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What is the structure of an amino acid?
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All amino acids contain a minimum of one amino and one carboxyl group attached to a central carbon.
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What is the simplest amino acid?
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Glycine
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How many essential amino acids are there for humans?
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10
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Cytoplasm of the cell
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What are the three types of polysacharides?
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Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose
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How is a maltose sugar made?
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1 glucose + 1 glucose
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How is a sucrose sugar made?
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1 glucose + 1 fructose
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How is a lactose sugar made?
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1 glucose + 1 galactose
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Which vitamins are fat soluble?
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A,D,E,K
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How many kilocalories per gram is fat?
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9 k/g
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What are unsaturated fatty acids?
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One or more double bond of carbon causing less amounts of hydrogen to attach. These are usually liquid at room temperature.
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What are saturated fatty acids?
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No carbon double bonds in chain leading to the most amount of hydrogen attached. These tend to be solid at room temperature.
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What is the chemical compostion of a lipid?
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1 glyceral+ 3 fatty acids
(triglyceride) |
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What are the elements that make up a lipid?
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C, H, O
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What elements are proteins composed of?
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C, H, O, N (and a few contain S)
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What types of lipids are there?
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Triglycerides, Phosphlipids, Steriods, Lipoproteins, Eicosanoids, and Waxes
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What is involved in the catabolism of lipids?
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breakdown of lipids for energy involves the hydrolysis (+H20) of triglycerides into two carbon units.
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What is involved in the anabolism of lipids?
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Sythesis of lipids (lipogenesis) results in the formation of lipids by the subtraction of H2O
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Who created the term for vitamins?
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Funk in 1912 because unknown factors were vital
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What is the role of vitamins?
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To serve as cofactors or components of cofactors in a complex enzyme
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What role do minerals have?
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Co-factors in complex enzymes or in some other orgainc union (such as iron of the hemoglobin ot iodine in thyroxine)
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What is transcription and where does it occur?
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Occurs in the nucleus; the copying of genetic information from DNA to mRNA
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What is translation and where does it occur?
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Occurs in the cytoplasm; ribosome binds to mRNA and tRNA provides anticodons to release specific amino acids for the creation of proteins.
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What is the START codon?
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AUG
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What are the three STOP codons?
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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How many codons are there?
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64
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How many actually code for amino acids?
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61
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Where does the TCA (or Krebs) Cycle occur?
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Mitochondria
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Do mitochondria have there own DNA?
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Yes
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From which parent do we inherit our mitochondrial DNA?
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From the mother because the Mitochondria on the sperm is in the tail which is not included when conception occurs.
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How much ATP is gained from Gylcolysis in one glucose?
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2 ATP
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How much ATP is gained from Cellular Respiration in total in one glucose?
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38 ATP TOTAL:
2 ATP Gylcolysis 2 ATP Krebs 34 ATP Electron Transport |
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What are the stages of mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What occurs during Prophase?
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Centrioles divide and move to oppisite poles. Individual chromosomes appear thicker and shorter.
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What occurs during metaphse?
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Phase is marked by the arrangement of chromosomes along center of cell. Nuclear membran and nucleolus have become disrupted. Centrioles have migrated to poles. Spindle fibers between centrioles and chromosomes
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What occurs during anaphase?
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The centromeres of each chromosome (chromatids) divide. Chromatids can now be considered separate chromosomes. Rapid migration toward each cetnriole begins.
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What occurs during telephase?
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Stage is marked by the unfolding of cytoplasm between the two daughter nuclei and a gradual pinching apart of the daughter cells. Nuclear membranes appear and enclose daughter nuclei. Chromosomes uncoil and appear as a chromatin network
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Do the mitochondria divide evenly during mitosis?
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No, the amount of mitochondria given to each daughter cell happens by chance. Mitochondria can reproduce independant of this to replace to the proper amount for each cell.
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What is meiosis of the human female called?
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oogenesis
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What is meiosis of the human male called?
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Spermatogenesis
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What portal system connects the small intestine and the liver?
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Hepatic Portal circulatory system
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True or False:
The concentration of a substance is the same in general and portal circulation? |
False
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Which hormon converts glucose to glycogen?
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Insulin
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Which hormon converts glycogen to glucose?
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Glucogon
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Which hormone sends glucose into the cell?
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Insulin
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What is the animal polysaccharide called?
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Glycogen
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Where is glucagon produced?
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Pancreas
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What are the specialized cells of the pancreas that produce Insulin and Glucagon called?
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Islets of Langerhans
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Where in the cell are lipids synthesized?
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Where does the end product of fat digestion drain into?
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The thoracic duct (part of the lymphatic system)
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How many pairs of chromosomes does all human nucleated cells contain?
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23 pairs
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What is the designation for the female sex chromosome?
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X
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What is the designation for the male sex chromosome?
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Y
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What is the paired chromosome condition termed?
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Diploid
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True or False:
A cell is not metabolically active during mitosis? |
True
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What is the process whereby a diploid cell is reduced to haploid status termed?
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Meiosis
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How many genes does every nucleated human cell contain?
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~100,000
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Which hormon aids in the movement of oxygen into the cell?
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Thyroxine
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What protein, located on the surface of the red blood cell picks up oxygen at the level of the lung?
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Hemoglobin
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What is another name for Gycolysis?
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Embden-Meyerhoff reaction
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What are other names for the TCA cycle?
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Krebs cycle or the Citric Acid Cycle
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Are all enzymes in the TCA cycle produced via mitochondrial DNA?
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Yes
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What is the final hydrogen acceptor in electron transport?
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Oxygen
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Where is hemoglobin synthesized?
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Bone Marrow
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What is attached to the protein portion of hemoglobin and acts as a co-factor?
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Iron
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Where does the carbon dioxide you exhale originate?
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Cellular respiration
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What nucleic acid does Adenine pair with in the DNA molecule?
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Thyamine
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What are the four DNA nucleatides?
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Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytocine
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How are each nucleotide joined to its partner?
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Hydrogen Bond
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
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DNA is double stranded, contains the pentose deoxyribose, and contains the nucleotide thyamine. It is too large to leave the nucleus. RNA is usually single stranded, contains the pentose ribose, and contains the nucleotide uricil instead of thyamine.
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What is the space on the chromosome where the gene is located termed?
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Locus (plural: loci)
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Is the life-span of tRNA the same as that of the cell
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Yes
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Which enzyme aids in the building of the m_RNA molecule?
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RNA polymerase
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How many amino acids are there in insulin?
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51
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Stratified Squamous
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What kind of Epithelial Cell is this?
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(Distended) Transitional Stratifed Epithelium
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What type of ephithelial cells is this?
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(Contracted) Transitional Stratified Epithelium
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What type of epithelial cells is this?
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Grandular Epithelium (Exocrine)
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What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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Glandular Epithelium (Endocrine)
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What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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Pseudostratified Columnar
Simple Epithelium |
What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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Columnar Simple Epithelium
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What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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Cuboidal Simple Epithelium
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What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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Squamous Simple Epithelium
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What type of Ephithelial cells is this?
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What are the three cell shapes?
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Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar
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If only one layer of cells covers the basal lamina how is that epithelial tissue described?
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Simple Epithelium
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What characteristic regions of the body are simple epithelium found?
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Line internal compartments and passageways, including the ventral body cavities, the heart chamber, and blood vessels and are also characterstic of regions in which secretion or absorption occur such as the lining of the intestines and the gas-exchange surface of the lungs.
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If several layers of cells cover the basal lamina how is that epithelial tissue decribed?
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Stratified Epithelium
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What areas of the body do stratified epithelium serve?
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Generally located in areas that need protection from mechanical or chemical stresses, such as the surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth.
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Where would simple squamous epithelium be found?
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regions where absorption or diffusion takes place or where a slick, slippery surface reduces friction
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Where would stratified squamous epithelium be found?
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Generally located where mechanical stresses are severe. The surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth, esophagus and anus for example
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Where would simple cubodial epithelium be found?
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Provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place. Such an epithelium lines portions of the kidney tubules
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Where would stratifeid cubodial epithelium be found?
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These are relatively rare; they are located along the duct of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the mammary glands.
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Where would transitional epithelium be found?
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Regions of the urinary system such as the urinary bladder.
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Where would simple columnar epithelium be found?
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Typically found where absorption or secretion occurs, such as the small intestine.
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Where would pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
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Line most of the nasl cavity, the trachea, the bronchi and portions of the male reproductive tract
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Where would stratified columnar epithelium be found?
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Relatively rare, providing protection along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus and urethra as well as along a few large execretory ducts.
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What are Glandualar Ephithelia?
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Collections of epithelial cells (or structured derived from epithelial cells) that produce secretions are called glands.
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What are endocrine glands?
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Glands that release their secretions into the interstitial fluids. These secretions are called hormones. Endocrine galnds are called ductless glands.
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What are exocrine glands?
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Glands that release their secretions into passeageways called ducts that open onto an epithelial surface. (such as tears in the eye)
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