Anatomy And Physiology I Ch 1

Front 1

Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology

Back 1

-Form and Function
-Origin of Biomedical Science
-Scientific Method
-Human Origins and Adaptions
-Human Structure
-Language of Medicine

Front 2

The Study of Form

Back 2

-Observation of Suface Structure
-Cadaver Dissection
-Comparative Anatomy
-Physical Examaniation
-Gross Anatomy
-Histology

Front 3

The Study of Function

Back 3

-Study of Bodily Function
-Camparative Physiology
-Basis for the development of New Drugs and Medical Procedures

Front 4

Revolution

Back 4

-Early Pioneers were important (est. way of thinking, replaced superstition)
-Mordern Biomedical Science (technological enhancement-diagnostic ability and life-support strategies)
-Genetic Revolution (genome project completed, gene therapy)

Front 5

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Back 5

-Psycological Knowledge
-Test your hypothesis to a specific question
-Good Hypothesis (consistant, testable, falsifiable)
-Written as "If-Then" statment

Front 6

Scientific Method

Back 6

-Bacon and Descrates (new habits of scientific thought)
-England and France (academies of science)
-Science (reliable, objective, testable information about natture)

Front 7

Inductive Method

Back 7

-Philosopher Francis Bacon (observations, generalizations, and predictions, and anatomy)
-Proof of Science (reliable and tested repeatedly, not falsified by any testable observation)
-In science, all truth is tentative ("proof beyond all resonable doubt")

Front 8

Proper Experimental Design 1

Back 8

-Sample Size (sufficient to prevent chance event)
-Control group and treatment group (same treatment except for the varible being tested)
-Prevention of Psycosomatic effects (use of placebo in control group)

Front 9

Proper Experimental Design 2

Back 9

-Experiemental Bias (prevented with double-blind theory)
-Statistical Testing (difference between control and test subjects was not random variation, due to varible being tested)

Front 10

Peer Review

Back 10

-Critical Evaluation by other experts in the field (done prior to funding or publication, done by using verification and repeatability of results)
-Ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

Front 11

Facts, Laws, and Theories

Back 11

-Scientific fact (info independently verified)
-Law of Nature (description of the way matter and energy behave, results from inductive reasoning and repeated obervations, written as verbal statements or mathematical formulas)
-Theory (summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts, it provides explanations and predictions)

Front 12

Human Origins and Adaptations

Back 12

-Charles Darwin (On the origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection,The Descent of Men)
-Theory of Natural Selection (how species originate and change through time, changed view of "our origin, our nature and our place in the universe", increase understanding of form and function)

Front 13

Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation

Back 13

-Evolution (change in genetic composition of population-development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics)
-Adaptations (individuals with hereditary advantages, produces more offspring under given selection pressures-harsh climate, predators, Inheritable characteristics (genetic change in the population)

Front 14

Animal Relations

Back 14

-Closest Relative=Chimpanzee (difference only 1.6% in DNA structure, chimps and gorillas differ by 2.3%)
-Study of evoluntionary relationships (chose animals for biomedical research, rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved with using chimps)

Front 15

Primate Adaptations-Earliest Primates

Back 15

Squirrel sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals-due to safety, food supply, lack of competition

Front 16

Primate Adaptations-Adaptations for Aboreal Life Style

Back 16

-Mobile Shoulders
-Opposable thumbs manipulate small objects
-forward facing eyes-stereoscopic vision (depth perception for leaping and catching prey)
-Color Vision (distinguish ripe fruit)
-Larger Brains and Good Memory (remember food sources)

Front 17

Walking Upright 1

Back 17

-African Forest became grassland (millions of years ago)
-Bipedalism (standing and walking on two legs, spot preditors, carry food or infants)
-Adaptations for Bipedalism (skeletal and muscular modifications)

Front 18

Walking Upright 2

Back 18

Austalopithecus (gave rise Homo habilis 2.5mya, taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-making)
-Homo Habilis (gave rise to Homo Erectus 1.1mya)
-Homo Erectus (gave rise to Homo Sapiens .6 to .2mya?)
-Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past

Front 19

Hierarchy of Complexity 1

Back 19

-Organism is composed of organ systems
-organ systems composed of organs
-organs composed of tissues
-tissues composed of cells

Front 20

Hierarchy of Complexity 2

Back 20

-Cells contain organelles
-Organelles composed of molecules
-Molecules composed of atoms

Front 21

Anatomical Variation

Back 21

-No 2 Humans are exactly alike
---Variable number of organs
---Variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

Front 22

Characteristics of Life (9)

Back 22

-Organization
-Cellular Composition
-Excretion
-Metabolism and Excretion
-Responsiveness and Movement
-Homeostasis
-Development
-Reproduction
-Evolution

Front 23

Physiological Variation

Back 23

-Sex, Age, Diet, Weight, Physical Activity

Front 24

Reference Man and Women

Back 24

-Reference Mam---22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity, consumes 2800kcal/day
-Reference Woman---same as man except 128 lbs and 2000 kcal/day

Front 25

Homeostasis

Back 25

-Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
------Stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
-Homeostasis
-----Walter Cannon coined the term--fluctuates within limited range around a set point
-Loss causes illness or death

Front 26

Negative Feedback Loop

Back 26

"Heating System" room temp falls to 68-thermostat activates-heat output-room temp rises to 70-thermostat shuts off furnace-room cools down--cycle starts over again

Front 27

Negative Feedback, Set point

Back 27

room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 it only averages 68

Front 28

Human Thermoregulation

Back 28

Brain senses change in blood temperature
-if overheating vessels dialte in the skin nad sweating begins
-if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

Front 29

Control Blood pressure

Back 29

-Circulatory stretch receptors (detect a rise in BP)
-Cardiac Center in Brainstem (sends out nerve signals)
-Heart Slowed and BP lowered

Front 30

Structure of Feedback Loop

Back 30

-Receptor=senses change
-Integrator=control center that responds
-Effector=structures that restore homeostasis

Front 31

Positive Feedback Loop

Back 31

-Self-amplifying change (leads to change in the same direction)
-Normal way of producing rapid changes (occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protien digestion, and generation, of nerve signals)

Front 32

Life Threatening Fever

Back 32

-Temperature > 108 degrees (increases metabolic rate, body produces heat even faster)
-Cycle continues to reinforce itself
-Becomes fatal at 113 degrees

Front 33

Anatomical Terminology-Names

Back 33

-Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots
-Naming confusion during the Renaissance (same structure with different names (eponyms), structures named after people)

Front 34

Anatomical Terminology-International

Back 34

-Search for uniform international terminology (1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms, each structure=unique Latin name)
(terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998)

Front 35

Analyzing Medical Terms

Back 35

-Terminology based on word elements (lexicon)
-Scientific Terms
--one root (stem) with core meaning
--combining vowels join roots
--prefix modifies core meaning
--suffix modifies core meaning
--Acronyms (first few letters of series of words)