Anatomy And Physiology Exam 2

Front 1

structure of plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane

Back 1

Lipid bilayer
-phospholipids
-Cholestorol
-Proteins
Surface feautues (Cilia, Microvilli)

Front 2

bone structure

Back 2

*Shape classifications
*Compact bone forms shafts of long bones
*Spongy (Cancellous bone)
*Periosteum
*Endosteum

Front 3

Cancellous bone (Spongy)

Back 3

-less dense
-archlike structure
-rods of bone surrounded by bone marrow
-found at ends of bone and in marrow cavity

Front 4

Periosteum

Back 4

-covers exterior of bones
-has fibrous outer layers
-cellular internal layer

Front 5

Endosteum

Back 5

-cellular layer that covers internal walls of marrow cavity and central canals of osteons

Front 6

Bone cell types

Back 6

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

Front 7

osteoblasts

Back 7

-form new bone
-secrete phosphatase (facilitates deposition of bone mineral in organic portion of bone)

Front 8

osteocytes

Back 8

maintain mature bone

Front 9

osteoclasts

Back 9

-resorb and remodel bone
-secrete acids and enzymes that break down bone mineral

Front 10

minerals found in bone

Back 10

62% of bone weight is mineral
-crystalline compound calls hydroxyapatite

Front 11

Steps of healing

Back 11

-blood from broken vessels forms clot. Inflammation occurs; phagocytic cells attack bacteria, remoce bone fragments, other debris
-clot if infiltrated by blood capillaries
-clot is replaces by granulation tissue
-fibrocartilage callus is formed around broken bone. callus has both internal and external portions
-new bone forms in callus by invasion of osteoblasts from periosteum, endosteum, and marrow
-callus develops new network of blood vessels
-bony callus is remodeled by activity of osteoclasts to resemble prefracture shape of bone

Front 12

fracture types

Back 12

-closed (simple)
-open (compound)
-partial vs. complete
-comminuted
-spiral
-greenstick
-epiphyseal
-displaces vs. nondisplaced

Front 13

mitosis

Back 13

two daughter cells carry 4-6 chromosomes each

Front 14

meiosis

Back 14

26 chromosomes

Front 15

difference between diffusion, facilitated diffusion, & osmosis

Back 15

*DIFFUSION- high concentration -> low concentration
-DOWN concentration gradient
-energetically inexpensive
*FACILITATED DIFFUSION-DOWN concentration gradient
-no energy expenditure required
-requires protein carrier
-glucose and amino acids transported
-availability of carrier proteins limits rate of process
*OSMOSIS- MOVEMENT OF WATER
-cell membrane permeable to water
-water molecules move UP concentration gradient
-LOW->HIGH
-equalize solute concentrations on either side of membrane

Front 16

major tissue types

Back 16

connective, muscle, epithelial, neural(nervous)

Front 17

connective tissue

Back 17

-store energy
-fill internal spaces
-provide structural support

Front 18

muscle tissue

Back 18

-contracts to produce active movement

Front 19

epithelial tissue

Back 19

-produce glandular secretions
-protection, absorption, secretion

Front 20

neural (nervous) tissue

Back 20

-conducts electrical impulses
-carries information

Front 21

# of layers epithelia

Back 21

-simple (1)
-stratified (multiple)
-Pseudostratified (upper respiratory)

Front 22

cell shape of epithelia

Back 22

-squamous (flat)
-cuboidal (cube-shaped)
-columnar
-transitional

Front 23

loose connective tissue

Back 23

-fibro blasts (secretes proten subunits)
-collagen (straight and unbranched)
-elastic fibers (branched and wavy, contain elastin-some lack blood vessels, tendons & ligaments)
-fat cell
-blood vessels

Front 24

dense connective tissue

Back 24

-no blood supply (avascular)
-closed packed collagen fibers
-fibro blasts

Front 25

fluid connective tissue

Back 25

-blood and lymph
-erythrocytes (red blood cells)
-fluid elements
*Plasma
*interstitial fluid
*lymph
*serum

Front 26

supporting connective tissue

Back 26

-cartilage(chondrocytes) and bone (osteocytes)
-ground substance is gel-like (no blood vessels)

Front 27

cartilage types

Back 27

-hyaline (between tips of ribs & bones of sternum)
-elastic (ear)
-fibrocartilage (VERTEBRAE, knee joints, between pubic bones of pelvis, stained blue)

Front 28

symphisis

Back 28

between adjacent vertebrae or between the pubic bones of the coxae

Front 29

fibroblast

Back 29

-cells of connective tissue
-production of extracellular fibers
-secretion of organic compounds

Front 30

muscles

Back 30

*skeletal (voluntary striated)
*cardiac (involuntary striated)
*smooth (involuntary nonstriated)

Front 31

Two types of nervous tissue

Back 31

*Neurons
-nerve cells
-conduct electrical impulses (action potentials)
*stimulate muscles to contract
*Glial cells
-supporting cells
-insulation
-clean up

Front 32

isotonic

Back 32

equal concentration of solutes on both sides of membrane, not net movement of water molecules

Front 33

hyptotonic

Back 33

lower concentration of solutes than that on other side of membrane with the cell, receive net inflow of water and may be hemolyzed as a result

Front 34

epidermis

Back 34

external layer, stratified squamous cells

Front 35

germinativum

Back 35

deepest, bottom layer, made of Karoten
-MALENOTCYTES ATTACHED TO BASEMENT
-MEMBRANE PRODUCES MELANIN

Front 36

dermis

Back 36

-made of dense connective tissue and collagen
-blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles (epidermal structure), arrector pili muscles (smooth muscles), sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Front 37

epithelium

Back 37

protection, secretion, absorption
-external covers internal linings