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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
tissues |
collection of specialized cells working together to perform specific tasks |
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embryonic germ layer (three layers) |
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
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ectoderm |
forms into the nervous tissues |
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mesoderm |
forms into the muscle and connective tissues |
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endoderm |
forms the inner lining of the digestive track |
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where is epithelial tissue located? |
exposed surfaces, covering digestive and respiratory organs, lining the walls and organs of the ventral body cavity, forming glands throughout the body
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glands |
structures that produce secretions |
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characteristics of epithelial tissue (5) |
cellularity, avascularity, innervated, regeneration, polarity |
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avascularity |
has no blood vessels |
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innervated |
has nerve fibers |
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apical surface of epithelial tissue |
exposed upper surface |
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basal surface of epithelial tissue |
provides lower attachment to basement membrane |
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epithelial tissue functions (4) |
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions |
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neuroepithelium |
unique epithelium for senses |
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glandular epithelium |
layers of epithelium that all cells are capable of secretion |
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classification of epithelial cells; shape (3), layering (2) |
squamous, cuboidal, columnar; simple, stratified |
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simple squamous; functions (3), locations (3) |
allows for filtration and diffusion, absorbs materials, secretes lubrication to reduce friction; air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of blood vessels & heart, kidney glomeruli |
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simple cuboidal; functions (2), locations (5) |
absorbs, secretes; thyroid gland, glandular tissue, ducts throughout the body, portions of kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries |
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simple columnar; functions (2), locations (4) |
absorbs nutrients, secretes mucus and enzymes; lining of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, small bronchi in the lungs, uterine tubes, portions of the uterus |
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pseudostratified; function (3), locations (3) |
secretes mucus, protection, uses cilia to move mucus; lines nasal cavity, lines trachea and upper respiratory tract, portions of sperm carrying ducts of the male reproductive tract |
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stratified squamous; functions (1), location (3) |
protection against abrasion, pathogens, foreign and chemical attacks; surface of the skin, layers of the mouth and esophagus, lining of the rectum, anus, and vagina |
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stratified cuboidal; functions (3), locations (2) |
protection, secretion, absorption; rarely seen within the body, ducts of mammary glands and sweat glands
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Stratified columnar; function (1); location (2) |
protection; small amounts are found within the pharynx and the male urethra, sometimes within the mammary gland |
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transitional cells; function (1), location (1) |
expansion and retraction of tissues, lines ureters, urinary bladder, and a portion of the urethra |
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endocrine glands |
release hormones directly into interstitial fluid |
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exocrine glands |
produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces; mucus, sweat, oil, saliva |
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unicellular exocrine glands |
single celled; found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts |
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multicellular exocrine glands |
structurally more complex; two major units (epithelial derived duct, secretory unit) |
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simple ducts |
has a single duct that is not divided on its way to a gland |
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compound ducts |
duct divides one or more times on the way to the gland |
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tubular secretory unit |
cells for a tube |
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alveolar/acinar secretory unit |
form empty sacs or cavities |
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tubuloalveolar secretory unit |
combination of both tubular and alveolar/acinar |
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merocrine secretion |
release by vesicles through exocytosis; sweat glands |
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apocrine secretion |
released by shedding apical portion of a cell and cytoplasm; portion of mammary glands |
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holocrine secretion |
released by rupturing cells & killing gland cells; gland cells replaced by underlying cell layers; sebaceous glands |
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mesenchyme |
mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective tissue |
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connective tissue functions (6) |
establishing structural framework; protects organs; stores energy; provides insulation; defends from invading microorganisms; transporting fluids and dissolved materials |
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fibroblasts |
builds connective tissue proper |
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chondroblasts |
build cartilage tissue |
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osteoblasts |
builds bone tissue |
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hemoblasts |
builds blood cells |
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extracellular matrix |
surrounds cells; made up of protein fibers and ground substance |
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ground substance |
unstructured materials, fill space between cells, contain protein fibers |
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collagen fibers |
most common fibers in connective tissue proper; long, straight, and unbranched; strong and flexible to resist force in one direction |
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reticular fibers |
network of interwoven fibers; strong and flexible to resist force in multiple directions; stabilize functional cells and structures within the body |
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elastic fibers |
contain protein elastin; branched and wavy; return to original length after stretching |
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fibroblasts |
the most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissue proper; secrete proteins and hyalauronan |
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hyalauronan |
cellular cement |
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fibrocytes |
the second most abundant cell type; maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper |
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blast |
immature cells actively making matrix material |
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cytes |
mature cells not actively making matrix |
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adipocytes |
fat cells; each cell stores a single, large fat droplet |
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mesenchymal cells |
stem cells that respond to injury or infection |
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melanocytes |
synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin |
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macrophages |
large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system; eat pathogens and damaged cells |
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fixed macrophages |
stay within tissue |
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free macrophages |
migrate through tissue |
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mast cells |
stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; release histamine and heparin |
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histamine |
stimulates inflammation |
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heparin |
anticoagulant |
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lymphocytes |
specialized immune cells in lymphatic system; may develop into plasma cells |
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plasma cells |
produce antibodies |
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microphages |
phagocytic blood cells; respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells |
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loose connective tissues |
the "packing materials" of the body; three types in adults: areolar, adipose, reticular |
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areolar tissue; function, locations, structure |
cushion organs, defense against diseases, holds blood vessels and capillary beds; below the dermis of the skin, surrounds organs, around both joints and blood vessels; least specialized, contains all 3 fiber types |
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adipose tissue; function, locations, structure |
provide padding and cushion for shocks, insulation against heat loss, storing energy for later use; underneath the layers of the skin (sides, buttocks, breasts), padding around eyes and kidneys; contains adipocytes (fat cells), large triglyceride in the center, |
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two types of adipose tissue |
white fat, brown fat |
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white fat |
pale yellow-white color; most common adipose tissue, stores fat, absorbs shocks, acts as insulation |
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brown fat |
deep reddish brown color; when stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy; |
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reticular tissue; function, location, structure |
complex, three-dimensional support network, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; |
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dense connective tissues |
tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers; dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue |
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dense regular connective tissue; function, location, structure |
attached muscles to bone, attaches bone to bone, withstand tensile stress; tightly packed and parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type
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dense irregular connective tissue; function, location, structure |
withstand tension, provide structural support; forms capsules around some organs, layered in skin, around cartilages, around bones; interwoven networks of irregularly arranged collagen fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type
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elastic tissue; function, location, structure |
allows tissue to stretch, cushion shocks, stabilizes positions; walls of arteries, ligaments of spine, ligaments supporting penis; made of elastic fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type |
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cartilage features |
stands up to both tension and compression, no nerves except for perichondrium layer, avascular, ground substance is made of dense network of collagen and elastic fibers, matrix is made up of 80% water |
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perichondrium |
2 layers; outer layer for protection; inner layer cellular layer for growth |
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chondroblasts |
cartilage making cells |
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chondrocyte |
mature cartilage cell |
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lacunae |
small chambers within cartilage where chondrocytes sit |
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types of cartilage growth |
interstitial growth and appositional growth |
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interstitial growth |
enlarges cartilage from within, chondrocytes divide, most important during development |
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appositional growth |
adds more layers to the surface, cells within the perichondrium divide repeatedly making chondroblasts, as the new cells age form chondrocytes, increases the size of cartilage |
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types of cartilage (3) |
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
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hyaline cartilage; function, location, structure |
supports and reinforces, acts as a cushion against compression; ends of long bones, coastal cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx; collagen fibers forms a network of chondroblasts; chondroblasts form the matrix and lacunae
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elastic cartilage; function, location, structure |
maintains shape and structure, flexible; external ear and epiglottis; network of collagen fibers, more elastic fibers in matrix |
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fibrocartilage; function, location, structure |
high tensile strength against compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement; between pubic bone, intervertebral discs, pads knee joint; thick collagen fibers |
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bone or osseous tissue |
ability to support and protect body structures, provides cavities for fat storage and blood cell creation |
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osteoblasts |
produce organic portions of the matrix |
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osteocytes |
mature cells reside in lacunae; |
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periosteum |
the double layered sheath for each bone similar to perichondrion; covers bone surfaces |
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fibrous layer (of periosteum) |
attaches to surrounding tissue |
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cellular layer (of periosteum) |
is in charge of growth |
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fluid connective tissue: blood |
does not actually connect or give support to things; carry specific cell types |
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red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
carries oxygen to regions of the body |
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white blood cells (leukocytes) |
part of the immune response |
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platelets |
necessary for blood clotting |
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blood; function, location, structure |
transport respiratory gases and nutrients and waste; blood vessels; red and white blood cells and platelets within plasma |