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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The chamber of the heart with the thickest myocardium is the
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left ventricle
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The phase of heart contraction is called _________ ;
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systole
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the phase of relaxation is called _________ .
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diastole
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True or False:
The Frank-Starling law of the heart equalizes the output of the right and left ventricles and keeps the same volume of blood flowing to both the systemic and pulmonary circulations. |
true
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What is the correct route of blood through the heart from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation and back to the systemic circulation?
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right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve
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What is the correct pathway for conduction of an action potential through the heart?
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SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
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The external boundary between the atria and ventricles is the
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coronary sulcus.
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A softball player is found to have a resting cardiac output of 5.0 liters per minute and a heart rate of 50 beats per minute. What is her stroke volume?
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100 mL
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Which of the following are true? (1) ANS regulation of heart rate originates in the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata. (2) Proprioceptor input is a major stimulus that accounts for the rapid rise in the heart rate at the onset of physical activity. (3) The vagus nerves release norepinephrine, causing the heart rate to increase. (4) Hormones from the adrenal medulla and the thyroid gland can increase the heart rate. (5) Hypothermia increases the heart rate.
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1, 2, and 4
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major branch from the ascending aorta; passes inferior to the left auricle
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left coronary artery
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major branch from the ascending aorta; lies inferior to the right auricle
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right coronary artery
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lies in the coronary sulcus; supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium
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circumflex branch
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drain the right ventricle and open directly into the right atrium
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anterior cardiac veins
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lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus; drains the walls of both ventricles and the left atrium
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great cardiac vein
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collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation
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left atrium
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pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
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right ventricle
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their contraction pulls on and tightens the chordae tendineae, preventing the valve cusps from everting
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papillary muscles
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cardiac muscle tissue
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myocardium
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increase blood-holding capacity of the atria
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auricles
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tendonlike cords connected to the atrioventricular valve cusps which, along with the papillary muscles, prevent valve eversion
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chordae tendineae
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the superficial dense irregular connective tissue covering of the heart
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fibrous pericardium
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outer layer of the serous pericardium; is fused to the fibrous pericardium
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parietal pericardium
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endothelial cells lining the interior of the heart; are continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
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endocardium
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pumps oxygenated bloodto all body cells, except theair sacs of the lungs
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left ventricle
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prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
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tricuspid valve
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collects deoxygenated bloodfrom the systemic circulation
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right atrium
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left atrioventricular valve
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bicuspid (mitral) valve
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blood vessels that pierce the heartmuscle and supply blood to the cardiac muscle fibers
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coronary circulation
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prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
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semilunar valves
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the gap junction and desmosome connections between individual cardiac muscle fibers
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intercalated discs
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separate the upper and lower heart chambers, preventing backflow ofblood from the ventricles back into the atria
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atrioventricular valves
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inner visceral layer of the pericardium;adheres tightly to the surface of the heart
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epicardium
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amount of blood contained in the ventricles at the end of ventricular relaxation
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end-diastolic volume (EDV)
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amount of blood ejected per beat by each ventricle
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stroke volume
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amount of blood remaining in the ventricles following ventricular contraction
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end-systolic volume (ESV)
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difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and cardiac output at rest
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cardiac reserve
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period of time when semilunar valves are open and blood flows out of the ventricles
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ventricular ejection
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Pathway of the conduction system of the heart:
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SA node, AV node, AV bundle and bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
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Route of a red blood cell supplying oxygen to myocardium of left atrium and returning to right atrium:
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Left coronary artery, Circumflex artery; Arteriole, capillary, and venule within myocardium; Branch of great cardiac vein ; Coronary sinus leading to right atrium
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Route of a red blood cell now in the right atrium:
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Right ventricle;Pulmonary artery; Pulmonary vein ;Left atrium; Left ventricle
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The average cardiac output for a resting adult is about _________ per minute.
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1.25 gallons (5 liters)
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When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, what event occurs first?
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AV valves close
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The second heart sound is due to turbulence of blood flow as a result of what event?
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Semilunar valves closing
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Choose the false statement about heart structure.
(A) The heart chamber with the thickest wall is the left ventricle. (B) The apex of the heart is more superior in location than the base. (C) The heart has four chambers. (D) The left ventricle forms the apex and most of the left border of the heart. |
(B) The apex of the heart is more superior in location than the base.
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Choose the false statement.
(A) Pressure within the atria is known as intraarterial pressure. (B) During most of ventricular diastole the semilunar valves are closed. (C) During most of ventricular systole the semilunar valves are open. (D) Diastole is another name for relaxation of heart muscle. |
(A) Pressure within the atria is known as intraarterial pressure.
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Which of the following structures are located in ventricles?
(A) Papillary muscles (B) Fossa ovalis (C) Ligamentum arteriosum (D) Pectinate muscles |
(A) Papillary muscles
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The heart is composed mostly of:
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Muscle
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T F The pulmonary artery carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
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False
Veins carry |
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T F At the point when intraarterial (aortic) pressure surpasses ventricular pressure, semilunar valves open.
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False
Close |
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T F The blood in the left chambers of the heart contains higher oxygen content than blood in the right chambers
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True
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T F During about half of the cardiac cycle, atria and ventricles are contracting simultaneously.
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False
No part |
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(19) T F The normal cardiac cycle does not require direct stimulation by the autonomic nervous system.
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True
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Most ventricular filling occurs during atrial _________ .
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Diastole
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An ECG is a recording of _________ of the heart.
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Electrical changes or currents that precede myocardial contractions
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is a term that means abnormality or irregularity of heart rhythm.
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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia
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Are atrioventricular and semilunar valves ever open at the same time during the cardiac cycle?
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No
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The _________ reflex helps maintain normal blood pressure in the brain; the _________ reflex governs general systemic blood pressure.
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carotid sinus
aortic |
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Which of the following are not true? (1) Muscular arteries are also known as conducting arteries. (2) Capillaries play a key role in regulating resistance. (3) The flow of blood through true capillaries is controlled by precapillary sphincters. (4) The lumen of an artery is larger than in a comparable vein. (5) Elastic arteries help propel blood. (6) The tunica media of arteries is thicker than the tunica media of veins.
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1, 2, and 4
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The most important method of capillary exchange is simple diffusion.
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True
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Which of the following would not increase vascular resistance? (1) vasodilation, (2) polycythemia, (3) obesity, (4) dehydration, (5) anemia.
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1 vasodilation and 5 anemia
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Capillary exchange is enhanced by (1) the slow rate of flow through the capillaries, (2) a small cross-sectional area, (3) the thinness of capillary walls, (4) the respiratory pump, (5) extensive branching, which increases the surface area.
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1, 3, and 5
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Systemic vascular resistance depends on which of the following factors? (1) blood viscosity, (2) total blood vessel length, (3) size of the lumen, (4) type of blood vessel, (5) oxygen concentration of the blood.
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1, 2, and 3
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main blood supply to arm; commonly used to measure blood pressure
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brachial artery
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drain oxygenated blood from the lungs and send it to the left atrium
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pulmonary veins
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supply blood to the brain
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carotid arteries
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drain blood from the head
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jugular veins
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supplies blood to the stomach, liver, and pancreas
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celiac trunk
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supply blood to the brain
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carotid arteries
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carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
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pulmonary arteries
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_________ a traveling pressure wave created by the alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle
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pulse
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the lowest blood pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation
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diastolic blood pressure
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a slow resting heart rate or pulse rate
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bradycardia
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the highest force with which blood pushes against arterial walls as a result of ventricular contraction
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systolic blood pressure
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Choose the false statement.
(A) Arteries contain valves, but veins do not. (B) Decrease in the size of the lumen of a blood vessel by contraction of smooth muscle is called vasoconstriction. (C) Most capillary exchange occurs by simple diffusion. (D) Sinusoids are wider and more tortuous (winding) than capillaries. |
(A) Arteries contain valves, but veins do not.
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Choose the false statement.
(A) Cool, clammy skin is a sign of shock that results from sympathetic stimulation of blood vessels and sweat glands. (B) Nicotine is a vasodilator that helps control hypertension. (C) Orthostatic hypotension refers to a sudden, dramatic drop in blood pressure upon standing or sitting up straight. (D) Most hypertension is primary since it has no identifiable cause. |
(B) Nicotine is a vasodilator that helps control hypertension
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Choose the false statement.
(A) The vessels that act as the major regulators of blood pressure are arterioles. (B) The only blood vessels that carry out exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes are capillaries. (C) Blood in the umbilical artery is normally more highly oxygenated than blood in the umbilical vein. (D) At any given moment more than 50% of the blood in the body is in the veins. |
C) Blood in the umbilical artery is normally more highly oxygenated than blood in the umbilical vein.
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Route of a drop of blood from the right side of the heart to the left side of the heart:
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Pulmonary artery
Arterioles in lungs Capillaries in lungs Venules and veins in lungs |
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Layers of blood vessels, from most superficial to deepest:
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Tunica externa
Tunica media Tunica interna |
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Blood pressure in vessels, from highest to lowest:
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Aorta and other arteries
Arterioles Capillaries Venules and veins |
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Total cross-sectional areas of vessels, from lowest: to highest
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Capillaries
Venules and veins Arterioles Aorta and other arteries |
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Velocity of blood in vessels, from highest to lowest:
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Aorta and other arteries Arterioles
Venules and veins Capillaries |