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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an act of the legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them without benefit of a trial
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bill of attainder
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individual freedoms guarenteed to the people primarily by the bill of rights
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civil liberties
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citizenship rights guarenteed to the people and protected by the government
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civil rights
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rule used by the courts that allow language to be regulated only if it presents and immediate and urgent danger
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clear and present danger test
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first amendment guarentee that the government will not create and support an official state religion
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establishment clause
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a law that retroactively changes that leagal consequences of acts committed or legal status of facts and relationships that existed prior to the enactment of the law.
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ex post facto law
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1st amendment guarentee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice
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free excercise clause
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a legal action or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment
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habeas corpus
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rule used by the courts that restricts speech only if it is aimed at producing or is likely to produce imminent lawless action
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imminent lawless action test
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written defamation of character
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libel
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rule used by the courts in which the definition of abscenity must be based on local standards
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miller test
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the idea that language shapes behavior and therefore should be regulated to control its social effects
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political correctness
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censorship of or punishment for the expression of ideas before the ideas are printed or spoken
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prior restraint
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speech that criticizes the government
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sedition
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refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform
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boycott
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supreme court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education
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brown vs. board of education
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a constitutional amendment passed by congress but never ratified; would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
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equal rights movement
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provisions exempting from voting; restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1876
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grandfather clause
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southern lawas designed to circumvent the 13th 14th and 15th amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than race
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Jim Crows Laws
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tests requiring reading or comprehesion skills as a qualification for voting
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literacy tests
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standard of review used by the court to evaluate lawas that make a no suspect clasifcation
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minimum rationality test
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establishes separate but equal doctrine upholds segregation
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plessy vs. fergusson
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taxes levied as a qualification of voting
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poll taxes
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institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences
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racism
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the period following the civil war during which the federal government took action to rebuild the south
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reconstruction
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separate facilities for blacks and whites for leisure, business, travel, education, and other activities
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segregation
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unwelcome suxual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work environment
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sexual harassment
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classifications such as race for which an discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest
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suspect classification
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congressional work to secure projects services and funds for the represented district
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allocative representation
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legislature with two chambers
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bicameral legislature
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legislative work on behalf of individual constituents to solve their problems with government agencies and programs
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casework
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a vote to end a senate filibuster, requires three fifths majority or sixty votes
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cloture
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rule created by the Supreme Court that evidence illegally seized may not be used to obtain a conviction
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the exclusionary rule
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the efforts by elected officials to look out for the interests of those who elect them
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representation
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the creation of policy to address the problems and needs of the entire nation
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national lawmaking
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public works projects and grants for specific districts paid for by general revenues
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pork barrel
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the privilege of free mail service provided to members of Congress
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franking
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: a reallocation of congressional seats among the states every ten years, following the census
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reapportionment
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process of redrawing of district lines in states with more than one representative (carried out by state legislators or commission)
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redistricting
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redistricting to benefit a particular group
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gerrymandering
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office-seeker who bases the decision to run on a rational calculation that he or she will be successful
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strategic poltician
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the electoral edge afforded to those already in office
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incumbency advantage
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majority party leader, serves as the presiding officer of the House
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speaker of the house
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permanent committees responsible for legislation in particular policy areas
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standing committee
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: combined House-Senate committee formed to coordinate activities and expedite legislation in a certain area
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joint committee
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a practice of unlimited debate in the Senate in order to prevent or delay a vote on a bill
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filibuster
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publicly recorded votes on bills and amendments on the floor of the House or Senate
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roll call voting
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reversal of a presidential veto by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress
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veto override
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presidential authority to kill a bill submitted within ten days of the end of a legislative session by not signing it
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pocket veto
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the party with the most seats in a house of Congress
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majority party
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the added votes received by congressional candidates of a winning presidential party
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coattail effects
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the tendency for the presidential party to lose congressional seats in off-year elections
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midterm loss
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the apolitical, unifying role of the president as symbolic representative of the whole country
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head of state
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the political role of the president as leader of a political party and chief arbiter of who gets what resources
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head of government
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head of federal agencies and responsible for the implementation of national policy; appoints cabinet members (heads of departments and agencies)
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chief administrator
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a presidential advisory made up of the vice president, the heads of the federal executive departments, and other high officials to whom the president elects to give cabinet status
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cabinet
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top officer of the country’s military establishment and civilian head of American military forces
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commander in chief
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negotiates treaties, makes executive agreements with other countries
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chief foreign policy maker
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formal agreements with other countries, negotiated by the president and requiring approval by two-thirds of the Senate
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treaties
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a presidential arrangement with another country that creates foreign policy without the need for Senate approval
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executive agreement
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speech given by the president to a joint session of Congress and to the nation announcing the president’s agenda
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state of the union address
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president’s authority to reject a bill passed by Congress; may only be overridden by two-thirds majority in each house; veto threat often brings congressional compromise
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presidential veto
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clarification of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law
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executive orders
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release or excuse person from legal penalties of a crime
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pardoning power
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tradition of granting senior senators of the president’s party considerable power over federal judicial appointments in their home states
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senatorial courtesy
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implied but not explicitly stated in the Constitution
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inherent powers
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a president’s ability to convince Congress, other political actors, and the public to cooperate with the administration’s agenda
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power to persuade
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president’s strategy of appealing to the public on an issue, expecting that public pressure will be brought to bear on other political actors
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going public
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the predictable rise and fall of a president’s popularity at different stages of a term in office
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cycle effect
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the time following an election when a president’s popularity is high and congressional relations are likely to be productive
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honeymoon period
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political rule split between two parties: one controlling the White House and the other controlling one or both houses of Congress
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divided government
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Collection of nine organizations that help the president with policy and political objectives
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executive office of the president
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organization within the EOP that oversees the budgets of departments and agencies
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office of management and budget
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organization within the EOP that advises the president on economic matters
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council of economic advisors
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organization within the EOP that provides foreign policy advice to the president
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national security council
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image projected by the president that represents how he would like to be perceived at home and abroad
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presidential style
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the executive personnel who work with members of congress to secure their support in getting a president's legislation passed
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legislative liasion
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the person who oversees the operations of all white house staff and controls access to the president
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chief of staff
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political rule split between two parties: one controlling the White House and the other controlling one or both houses of Congress
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divided government
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Collection of nine organizations that help the president with policy and political objectives
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executive office of the president
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organization within the EOP that oversees the budgets of departments and agencies
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office of management and budget
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organization within the EOP that advises the president on economic matters
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council of economic advisors
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organization within the EOP that provides foreign policy advice to the president
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national security council
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image projected by the president that represents how he would like to be perceived at home and abroad
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presidential style
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the executive personnel who work with members of congress to secure their support in getting a president's legislation passed
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legislative liasion
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the person who oversees the operations of all white house staff and controls access to the president
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chief of staff
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