Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is development |
A term that measures how advanced a country is |
|
Give five ways a low income country might develop |
• investment in farming - higher yield to eat and sell • electricity grid reaches rural areas • new roads or railways - connect remote areas with cities • literacy rises - better job prospects • gender equality improves |
|
How do economic factors affect the human development of a country |
Personal wealth/income, growth of economy, types of industry, cost of living, employment rate and job security |
|
How do social factors affect the human development of a country |
Access to health, education, housing, recreation, food and water security |
|
How do technological factors affect the human development of a country |
Electricity, internet access, better farm/industry machinery |
|
How do cultural factors affect the human development of a country |
Democracy, work-life balance, traditional/imported culture balance |
|
What is a lack of ‘food security’ |
An imbalance between food production and food consumption |
|
Name three things that food security bring to people |
They have a lack of: •availability - of enough food all the time • access - to enough to the right food to stay healthy • knowledge- to make the best use of what they have |
|
What things fall under HDI (Human Development Index) |
Gross national income, life expectancy, average years in education |
|
What are the limitations of HDI |
All measures of development show averages only and may not be accurate. For example, GDP doesn’t include the cash economy |
|
The quality of government has a big impact on development. What index grades the quality of governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’ |
The Corruption Perceptions Index |
|
The quality of government has a big impact on development. What index grades the quality of governments from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’ |
The Corruption Perceptions Index |
|
How do physical factors effect global development inequality |
Size of a country, natural hazards, landlocked or not, tropical or temperate climate |
|
How do historical factors effect global development inequality |
Colonial links, trading relationships |
|
How do economic factors effect global development inequality |
Type of economy, debt, investment in health and education |
|
How do physical factors effect development inequality in the UK |
Remoteness or accessibility of area, the potential for industry |
|
How do historical factors effect development inequality in the UK |
Links with particular industry, impact of de-industrialisation |
|
How do economic factors effect development inequality in the UK |
Employment rates and salaries, house prices, state of infrastructure |
|
Name 6 uneven impacts of development |
• Employment • health • access to housing • education • technology • food and water security |
|
How does employment pose an uneven impact on development |
Employment in developing countries is limited, with people working in lower paid, more labour-intensive jobs |
|
What is the problem with jobs in the informal sector such as street stalls |
Less secure and have fewer benefits |
|
How does healthcare pose an uneven impact on development |
Healthcare is limited in the developing world, with fewer doctors and poor facilities |
|
How does healthcare pose an uneven impact on development |
Healthcare is limited in the developing world, with fewer doctors and poor facilities |
|
How does accessibility to housing pose an uneven impact on development |
Many people around the world don’t have access to housing (30% of the world’s population live in slums) |
|
How does healthcare pose an uneven impact on development |
Healthcare is limited in the developing world, with fewer doctors and poor facilities |
|
How does accessibility to housing pose an uneven impact on development |
Many people around the world don’t have access to housing (30% of the world’s population live in slums) |
|
How does education pose an uneven impact on development |
Literacy rates are low in the developing world, with few schools and poor attendance rates |
|
How does technology pose an uneven impact on development |
Less investment in technology, with few people who have the skills to use it |
|
How does technology pose an uneven impact on development |
Less investment in technology, with few people who have the skills to use it |
|
How does food and water security pose an uneven impact on development |
Developing countries lack access to food and clean water resulting in malnutrition and dehydration |
|
What is project aid |
aid given for specific projects e.g. HEP station |
|
What is longterm or development aid |
his is usually a project involving local communities in education and skills for sustainable development, through organisations such as Practical Action. |
|
What is an inter-governmental agreement |
These are agreements made between two or more governments to co-operate in some way |
|
What can trade agreements such as removing trade barriers do |
Can reduce uneven development by helping developing countries to increase trade |
|
What do fair trade producers in developing countries work together to deal |
Deal directly with retailers in developed countries to get fairer conditions and get a better price for their goods. Fair trade makes up less that 1% of total world trade |
|
What is FDI (foreign direct investment) |
Is when a company invests in a company in a different country, and has some control over what that company does |
|
Give three positive and tree negative to FDI |
👍🏻 brings in investment 👍🏻 brings in big brands - widens consumer market 👍🏻 foreign companies may be able to pay more - pushes up wages 👎🏻 big brands can outsell local products 👎🏻 FDI is not always reliable - investors can pull out 👎🏻 lack of regulation can have negative implications e.g. environmental consequences and industrial accidents |
|
What is top-down development projects |
Large-scale projects that aim at national-level or regional-level development. Led by government or transnational corporations |
|
What are bottom-up developments projects |
Local-scale projects that aim to benefit a village or small group of communities. Led by the community |
|
How expensive are top-down developments and why |
Very expensive projects often funded by international development banks. Usually needed experts to install and maintain sophisticated technology |
|
What is international aid |
Is where a country voluntarily transfers resources to another country. |
|
How expensive is bottom-up development and whygive |
Very cheap compared to top-down, but usually funded by the community. This is because it usually used appropriate technology that local people can learn to operate and repair |
|
Give four advantages of top-down development |
• can access very large sums of money through investments • provides knowledge and expertise for further projects • can benefit thousands of people • access to world-leading experts and latest technology |
|
Give three disadvantages of top-down |
• funding may come with ‘strings attached’ e.g. remove trade barriers • local people may not benefit e.g. if they have to move because a major new dam project will flood their village • investment from a government or transnational corporation can lead to poorly paid employment, which reduces people’s chances of breaking the poverty cycle |
|
Give a positive of the effect of rapid development on the environment |
Potential to invest in technologies- renewable energy |
|
Give 4 negatives of the effect of rapid development on the environment |
• logging and land clearance - deforestation • increased CO2 emissions - climate change •more chemicals used in industry/agriculture - water pollution • desertification and deforestation- lower biodiversity |
|
Give 3 positives of the effect of rapid development on the social |
• better access to healthcare - lower infant mortality • better jobs and income- reduced poverty • improves community spirit from newly formed groups |
|
Give three negatives of the effect of rapid development on social |
• Pollution in cities - poor public health • lack of housing - slums and shanties • men/young people benefit most - women/older people left behind |
|
Give three positives of the effect of rapid development on the the economy |
• rise in consumerism- strong economy • increase tourism - jobs and state income •larger workforce |
|
D |
D |
|
Give three negatives of the effect of rapid development on the economy |
• cost of dealing with environmental and social problems • cost of installing new infrastructure • pressure and cost to provide more services |
|
What does internal aid provide |
It provides vital income for many poor countries, and helps reduce uneven global development |
|
What things does the international aid provide |
Payments for imports e.g. machinery and oil, support for accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure, address a shortage of skills needed for development |
|
What is bilateral aid |
from one country to another |
|
What is multilateral aid |
from international organisations which receive money from several countries e.g. United Nations, the World Bank |
|
What is emergency or short-term aid |
food or medical help to give short term relief. Needed after a disaster |
|
What is conditional or tied aid |
when one country donates money or resources to another (bilateral aid) but with conditions attached |
|
What is charitable aid |
funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM. |
|
What is voluntary aid |
Charities e.g. OXFAM |