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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bernoulli's Principle states: "The internal pressure of a fluid ____ at points where the speed of the fluid ____." |
decreases; increases |
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Regarding helicopters, the cyclic controls the ____ of the rotor blades and the collective controls the ____. |
tilt; pitch |
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Which of the following does not affect aircraft performance: weight relative wind humidity |
relative wind |
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A secondary form of lift is a(n) ____ generated by air striking the underside of the airfoil and being deflected ____. |
upward force; downward |
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An imaginary straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge of a cross section of an airfoil is called the ____. |
chord line |
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When ____ and ____ are in equilibrium, the aircraft neither gains nor loses airspeed. |
thrust; drag |
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What force in flight counteracts lift? |
weight |
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What is used to determine the angle of attack? |
chord line and relative wind |
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If a pilot adjusts the pitch and yaw, the aircraft is moving along the ____ and ____ axes. |
lateral; vertical |
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Relative wind flows in a direction ____ and ____ the direction of flight. |
opposite; parallel
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The blades of a helicopter are shaped like ____ and act as ____. |
airfoil; wings |
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List the three principle airfoils that produce lift on aircraft. |
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When air density decreases, what occurs? |
faster landing speed and decreased performance |
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An aircraft's movement around the longitudinal axis is controled by the ____ and it's called ____ |
aileron; roll |
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At approximately what angle of attack will air no longer flow smoothly over the wing's upper surface? |
15-20 |
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What type of icing is an aircraft likely to encounter when flying in temperatures above freezing? |
carbureter |
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What is the basic purpose of the autorotation maneuver in a helicopter? |
controlled landing when engine is no longer supplying power |
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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
Newton's Third Law of Motion |
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What creates the primary source of lift? |
The pressure differential around an airfoil is the primary source of lift. |
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What creates the secondary source of lift? |
upward force generated by air striking the underside of an airfoil and being deflected downward |
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the direction of the airflow produced by an object moving through the air |
relative wind |
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The relative wind for an aircraft in flight flows in a direction _____ and ____ the direction of flight. |
parallel with; opposite to |
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three parts of an airfoil |
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the acute angle formed between the chord line of the airfoil and the direction of the air striking the airfoil (relative wind) |
angle of attack |
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the curvature of the airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge |
camber |
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the shape or form of a wing as viewed from above |
wing planform |
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upward force created by an airfoil when it is moved through the air |
lift |
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downward force which tends to draw all bodies vertically towards the center of the Earth |
weight |
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manmade force that pulls or pushes the aircraft through the air |
thrust |
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rearward acting force which resists the forward movement of the airplane through the air |
drag |
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Three key properties of the atmosphere that affect air density and aircraft performances |
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As altitude increases, the temperature decreases on average by __ degrees F (__ degrees C) every 1,000 feet until air temperature reaches about minus 67 degrees at 7 miles above the Earth. |
3.5; 2 |
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The average pressure at sea level is ___ psi which corresponds with ___ inches of mercury. |
14.7; 29.92 |
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Pressure _____ with height which results in (more/less) dense air. |
decreases; less |
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mass of air per unit volume |
density
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What effects can increased density altitude (such as in mountainous and high terrain areas with warm, humid air) have on aircraft performance? |
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What effects will a hot day have on aircraft performance? |
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What effects will a humid day have on aircraft performance? |
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What is another name for the longitudinal axis? |
Roll |
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What is another name for the lateral axis? |
Pitch |
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What is another name for the vertical axis? |
Yaw |
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A device for propelling an aircraft that, when rotated, produces by its action on the air a thrust approximately perpendicular to the plane of rotation. |
Propeller |
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Ailerons control what axis of rotation? |
Longitudinal/Roll |
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Elevator controls what axis of rotation? |
Lateral/Pitch |
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Rudder controls what axis of rotation? |
Vertical/Yaw |
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Hinged surfaces normally mounted on the outboard trailing edge of the wings |
Ailerons |
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Left and right ailerons move _____, but in _____ directions |
simultaneously; opposite |
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A hinged surface normally located on the rear of the horizontal stabilizer |
Elevator |
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The _____ is in the aft of the vertical stabilizer. |
Rudder |
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Which two movements are controlled by the control yoke? |
Pitch and roll |
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What are the names of the primary control surfaces? |
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small, adjustable, hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the primary control surfaces |
trim tabs |
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____ are located inboard on the wing's trailing edge and are used to increase lift. |
Flaps |
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Flaps increase both _____ and _____. |
lift; drag
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In a helicopter, the collective controls the _____ of the rotor blade. |
Pitch (angle of attack, the greater the blade angle, the greater the lift produced) |
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In a helicopter, the cyclic controls the _____ of the rotor blade. |
tilt (controls direction of flight) |
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Three primary types of icing |
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What type of icing changes the shape of the airfoil? |
structural icing |
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What icing causes airspeed indicator to become unreliable? |
Pitot-static icing |
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What type of icing reduces the fuel/air flow to the engine? |
carburetor icing |
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Affects landing gear, flaps, and brakes on some aircraft. |
Hydraulic failure
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Aircraft system failures may occur due to: |
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_____ failures include:
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Mechanical
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A phenomenon resulting from the passage of an aircraft through the atmosphere. |
Wake turbulence |
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Wake turbulence includes |
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Circular patterns of air created by the movement of an airfoil through the air when generating lift. |
Vortices |
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_____ are a by-product of wing lift and the most predominant parts of aircraft wake turbulence. |
Vortices |
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The greatest vortex strength is generated when the aircraft is |
heavy, clean, and slow |
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The _____ of the aircraft is by far the greatest factor that affects the intensity of wake turbulence. |
weight |
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When viewing the aircraft from behind, vortex circulation off the wingtip is _____ off right wing; _____ off left wing. |
counterclockwise; clockwise |
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When are vortices generated? |
the moment the aircraft generates lift, normally when the nose wheel leaves the ground. |
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When are vortices discontinued? |
the moment the aircraft stops generating lift, normally when the landing gear has touched down. |
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Vortices from large aircraft do what? (5 things) |
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When close to the ground and there is zero wind, vortices from large aircraft will move laterally: |
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Crosswinds of ___ knots will decrease or stall the movement of one vortex while increasing the movement of another vortex. |
1-5 |
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The mechanical force a wake vortex has on an aircraft. |
induced roll |
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Crosswinds of 1 to 5 knots tend to _____ the lateral movement of one vortex while _____ the movement of the other |
stall; increasing |
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With no wind, vortices within 100 feet to 200 feet of the ground will move __ to __ knots laterally across the ground. |
2; 3 |
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Vortices from large aircraft will sink approximately 300 feet to 500 feet per minute and level off approximately __ to __ feet below the flight path. |
500; 1000 |
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The ability of an aircraft to counteract the effects of induced roll is based on what two things? |
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Counter control is most effective and roll is minimal when the wingspan and the ailerons extend beyond the _____ of the vortex. |
outer edge |
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In a slow hover taxi or a stationary hover, a helicopter will generate a _____from the main rotors. |
downwash |
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A hovering helicopter creates a downwash from its main rotors that can travel up to how far? |
three times the diameter of its rotors. |
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What must a helicopter be ding in order to generate wingtip vortices? |
forward flight |
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Jet engine exhaust |
Jet blast |
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Why is the controller not responsible for anticipating the existence or effects of wake turbulence? |
Wake turbulence is unpredictable. |
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Wake turbulence has the greatest impact on ATC in the areas of _____. A. damage and money B. resources and delays C. increased separation and traffic management delays |
C |
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Describe CAT I aircraft |
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What category aircraft are helicopters? |
CAT I |
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Describe CAT II aircraft. |
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Describe CAT III aircraft. |
Any other aircraft not described in CAT I or CAT II.
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Helicopter general performance characteristics |
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Small weight class definition |
Aircraft of 41,000 pounds or less maximum certified takeoff weight |
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Large weight class definition
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Aircraft of more than 41,000 pounds maximum certified takeoff weight, up to but not including 300,000 pounds |
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Heavy weight class definition |
Aircraft capable of takeoff weights of 300,000 or more pounds, whether or not they are operating at this weight during a particular phase of flight |
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What are the three basic wing placements? |
high, mid, and low |
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What are the three basic wing configurations? |
straight-wing, swept-wing, delta-wing |
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Pressure _____ with height. |
decreases |