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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a pullet? |
A chicken raised fro a day old to 16wks |
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When do birds reach sexual maturity? |
at 17-18 wks |
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Mortality in the rearing phase for chickens? |
2-3% |
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Hen day production? |
Ranges from 250-330 eggs in 12 months |
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When are hens culled? |
At 68-72 weeks of age |
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Mortality in the laying phase? |
2-15% (3% is good performance) |
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What is the typical mortality rate/month? |
.2-1% |
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How many eggs can a rhode island red produce? |
10x its weight in eggs |
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Why do we use leghorns? |
Lower body weight and increased egg production |
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What are red jungle fowl? |
They only weigh about 2kg, but this is where the domestic chicken comes from |
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What is the minimal space allocated to layers? |
550cm^2/bird |
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What is the ethical dilemma? |
Birds need to forage and bathe, but they're prone to parasites and disease |
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What does the experimental enriched cage offer? |
Can house 8-12 birds, contains dust bath, small nest box, and perch. The nest boxes need to be bigger but they are the best alternative to free range, protects the birds. But still a cage in welfare standards. |
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What is an eco-shelter and free range? |
Large shed. They're allowed to go outside but a lot of times they won't go and the moisture builds up inside. |
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Free range type 2 Mobile shed |
1 bird per m^2 Low technology, more manual work |
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Barn egg production system? |
Automatic nest to load eggs and automatic feeder and drinker. The birds are confined to a large shed. The problem with this is the buildup of moisture, but birds are constrained so you do have bio-security management. |
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What do we use in nest boxes? |
Astroturf to mimic natural grass |
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What do we do with the eggs? |
Collected, labeled and placed on a large truck |
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What are the benefits of having the birds on a grated system? |
No bio-security risk, no oral to fecal contamination, as fecal matter falls through the grates |
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Intensive aviary systems? |
Intense barns that will offer free range are at risk for fecal build up because we can't move the sheds and birds don't like to leave the sheds. |
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Aviary |
Limited use commercially in Australia |
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Experimental facilities |
Modern Cages/ Concrete floor &sealed walls. Control of people coming in and out
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What kind of cooling systems are used? |
Evporative cooling |
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What is an enclosed/controlled environment barn egg/breeder production system? |
Confines the birds, no free range, but no cages. |
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Plastic slatted floor with largecolony nests
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Not exactly welfare happy, but can put about 80 birds in big cage with nest box and perch, but no bedding or dust bath. We use these for broilers. If we allow birds to dust bathe, it can compromise their respiratory immune system. |
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What is the future for free range? |
Free range type 1 ???
Free-range type 2 will be restricted to a small boutiquesector with farm size ranging from 200-4,000 hens |
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Barn Laid
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automated deep litter system
5-8% of Victorian supermarket shell egg sales RSPCA accredited |
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Barn Advantages
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elimination of wild birds
protection from predators moderate economies of scale Birds can nest, dust bathe, perch and movearound freely. |
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Barn Disadvantages
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social competition isincreased
reduced production in comparison to cages |
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Under weight flocks & UnderWeight birds
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Lower egg production
High incidence of blood stained eggs Higher mortality Tends to be greater in free range/barn eggs |
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Cloacal Haemorrhage
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Cloacal haemorrhage & oviduct eversion maytrigger vent trauma and cannibalismHAEMORRHAGE PREDISPOSES CANNIBALISM INMANY ANIMAL SPECIES
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Beak induced VentTrauma/Cannibalism
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Strongly correlated with oviduct impactionStrongly correlated with egg peritonitis/salpingitis
Egg peritonitis/salpingitis not observed in single bird cages |
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CANNIBALISM IN THE FOWL
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MULTIFACTORIAL PROBLEM
INATE BIOLOGY LEARNT BEHAVIOUR IN YOUNG CHICKS ASSOCIATED WITHFEATHER PICKING HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH HUMIDITY HIGH LIGHT INTENSITY > 30 LUX SUDDEN INCREASES IN LIGHT INTENSITY PICA OR NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES HAEMORRHAGE & TISSUE TRAUMA |
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CANNIBALISM IMPORTANT INWELFARE DEBATE
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INFLUENCES DENSITYI
NFLUENCES HOUSING SYSTEM INFLUENCES GROUP SIZE |
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Management Control ofCannibalism
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Improved control of feather picking in young pullets (3-6weeks of age) highly correlated with life time control ofcannibalism
Converse also true Low light intensity used as management tool Sudden changes in light intensity or high light intensitytriggers feather picking and cannibalism Beak trimming also used to control cannibalism |
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How can we beak trim? |
Hot Blade Beak Trimmer |
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What happens if we inconsistently trim the beaks? |
They have different lengths of the beak and this can affect their eating habits |
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Options For Egg Layers to prevent canibilsm
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BODY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT & CONTROL OF LIGHTINTENSITY
LIGHT MANAGEMENT & NO BEAK TRIMMIMG LIGHT MANAGEMENT & DAY OLD TRIM USING INFRA RED LIGHT MANAGEMENT , DAY OLD TRIM & SECOND HOTBLADE TRIM NO LIGHT MANAGEMENT, DAY OLD TRIM & SECOND HOTBLADE TRIM |
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What is the Impact of BeakTrimming
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Mechanical inhibition
Influencing behaviour Both ?? Reversion to cannibalism following beaktrimming can occur in predisposed flocks in 6-8 weeks!!! Study evolution of picking behaviour |
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Antibiotic Growth Promotants inPoultry Production
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All antibiotic compounds are registered andhave Maximum Residue Limits with withholdperiods
Some antibiotics produced bacterial resistanceproblems Most antibiotic with a human application nowremoved from the food chain. Some antibiotic resistance problems in humanstriggered by over prescription Some are still used to control coccidiosis, must have w/hold period to prevent transport into meat |
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Hormones
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No hormone used since 1960 (they grow faster now through the use of genetics)
Oestradiol compound used called HexonCapsule injected in the neck of male layingcockerels Never applied to modern Meat Chickens AU doesn't export their poultry |
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Global structures & Genetic Resource inChicken Meat Industry
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Hendrix Poultry: Cobb Breeders: Hybro Broilers, HubbardBroilers (franchise all around the world)
Lohmann Tierzucht: Aviagen: Ross Breeders & Arbor Acres These are the companies that hold the genetic material |
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Victorian Industry
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120 million broilers produced in Victoria (25.4% of Australianproduction) in 2005
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4 major processors in Victoria
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Ingham's 23%
Bartter/Steggles & La Ionica 31 % |
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Broiler Breeders |
Produce fertile eggs, which are incubated and then the chicks are placed in intensive sheds. They can weigh up to ~4kg and lay about 180eggs |
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What are some of the synthetic meat lines? |
Plymouth rock and Cornish or Indian Game |
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THE AUSTRALIAN &VICTORIAN CHICKENMEAT INDUSTRY
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emerged as a specialist industry in the late1950's.
produced ~ 3 million broilers in 1950-'51 SYNTHETIC LINES ~ 450 million broilers slaughtered in 2005 |
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Australian Consumption of ChickenMeat
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per capita consumption of poultry meat growingrapidly - risen from 4.4kg in 1950-'51 to over 38 kg in 2006
price competitiveness has been the major factor perception that poultry is a healthy, low fat foodwhich is easy to prepare increased emphasis on convenience foods |
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What is the driving force behind poultry consumption? |
It keeps getting cheaper |
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Victorian Chicken Meat IndustryStructure
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high levels of vertical integration (the bringingtogether of successive stages in production andmarketing under the control of one organisation)
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Broiler Breeders on Slatted Floor |
Very similar to barn system, they have litter and nest boxes and the slating in the floor limits the fecal to oral contimination ~10k birds |
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Incubation of Fertile Eggs
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Birds are mated every 5-7d
10 days to 14 days fertile egg collection |
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Fertile eggs in the cool room? |
12-15C, 75% humidity, store for about 15d. The eggs are all stocked and turned during the incubation process |
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Fertile egg during candling? |
Put a light on the embryo around 7d you should start to see the blood vessels. There are other methods where you can break the egg, but then it is no longer viable. |
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What happens once the chicks hatch? |
Once the chicks hatch, they are counted and sexed. They receive an automatic course spray vaccination then they're moved onto warm trucks and transported.
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What about dead eggs? |
Dead in shell breakout and microbial monitoring. We need to confirm the cause of death |
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How are the chicks raised? |
About 60k chicks come off the truck. The shed starts off at 30/32C and the temp decreases 2 degrees every week until they're fully feathered at about 4wks. They have an automatic feeding pen and are given starter feed. The shed is a modern tunnel ventilation system with ventilation fans at the end. |
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Free range broiler production |
More traditional, smaller farms, about 10% of free range farms; lower density. Once the birds are 2-4wks they're allowed to roam outside. This will decrease the faeces within the shed. |
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Growth cycle |
Birds are grown to an age ranging from 5-8 weeks depending on a processor (they'll be given a grower feed during such time) |
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Contract production |
Majority of the chicken growing in victoria is done under contractual arrangement between the grower and the processing corporations. |
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Processing sector |
Chickens are transported directly from the farm to the processing plant in crates. When they arrive at the plant they are placed in shackles and electrically stunned followed by slaughter. |
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Electrical Stunning
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Defined Current and Duration
Some gaseous stunning using CarbonDioxide |
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Broiler growth curve |
Feed efficiency is optimized at about 7d to 56d. You'll see a massive acceleration of growth; REALLY need to monitor nutrition to ensure maximal growth, if there's going to be a physiological or metabolic problem it will be noted here. The extra growth rate is driven by genetics and nutrition. |
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BASIC INFORMATION on broilers
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Broilers grow from day old to processing age in 35-49 days
Mortality range 1.5- 6 % ( Good performance 2-3%) 0.5-1.0% mortality in week one 0.2-0.5% mortality week 2 to week 8. |
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MORTALITY
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Yolk sac infection 1-5 days/bacterialdiseaseAcute death syndrome
Ascites Lameness and skeletal disease Respiratory disease & bacterial septicaemia |
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Rachitic Disorders
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develop between 7-14 days of age .
Skeletal problems. If they don't get the nutrients to the bones at the correct rate (during fast growth) will develop skeletal problems. |
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Ventricular Enlargement
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5-14days of age.
R heart becomes quite dilated as a result of improper nutrients during rapid development |
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How does asites form? |
When the R heart encounters increased BP in the arteries of the lungs, it responds to increase workload as other muscles do by getting bigger. If the pressure remains high, the muscles continue to thicken until the valve non longer is able to completely close. This causes the blood pressure to rise in the veins leading to the heart, especially from the liver. The result is an increased pressure in the liver with leakage of blood fluids, without the RBC, into the body cavity. |
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What causes asites? |
Broilers are growing so fast, the growth of the heart and lungs has not increase in size proportional to the increase in BW and breast meat yield. This rapid growth requires greater O2 demand, requiring more work out of the heart and the lungs. |
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When does ascites develop? |
14-35d |
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Rachitic disease improved by
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Growth restriction day 4-11
Correct dietary calcium:phosphorus ratio Vitamin D supplementation (25-Hydroxycholecalciferol orvitamin D3 |
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Sudden death & Ascites improved by
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Growth Restriction
Warm brooding Low dietary sodium ??? Cation/Anion Balance Correct coccidiostat |
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Animal Welfare Issues
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Culling for immobility and dehydration
Shed ammonia Tissue scalding Densities |