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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bend and lift screen anterior view: lack of foot stability. Ankles collapse in (pronation), feet turn outward (eversion). What is underactive and what is overactive? |
overactive/tight: lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneals Underactive:medial gastrocnemius, sartorius, tibialis group |
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Bend and lift screen- anterior view: knees move inward |
Tight: hip adductors, tensor fascia latae Underactive: gluteus maximus and medius |
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Bend and lift screen, anterior view: lateral shift to a side |
Side dominance and muscle imbalance due to a potential lack of stability in lower extremity during joint loading |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view: unable to keep heels in contact with floor. What is tight? |
overactive/ tight ankle plantar flexors (gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, fibularis longus, and fibularis brevis.) Underactive: n/a |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal plane: movement initiated at knees |
overactive/tight quadriceps and hip flexors (psoas, iliacus, quad) Weak glutes |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view: unable to achieve parallel between tibia and torso |
lack of dorsiflexion due to tight plantar flexors (gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus,flexor digitorum longus, fibularis longus, and fibularis brevis.) Plantar flexors normally allow the tibia to move forward. Can also be due to poor mechanics. |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view: back excessively arches (increased lordosis) |
overactive/tight: hip flexors, back extensors (erector spinae, multifidi), latissimus dorsi + underactive core, abs, glutes, hamstrings |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view: head downward |
increased hip and trunk flexion |
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Hurdle step screen anterior view: Lack of foot stability, ankles collapse inward (pronation), feet turn outward (eversion) |
overactive/ tight: soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, peroneals underactive/ lengthened: medial gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius, tibialis group, gluteus medius and maximus- inability to control internal rotation |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Knees move inward |
overactive/tight: hip adductors (pectineus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis), tensor fascia latae Underactive: lengthened: gluteus medius & maximus |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Hip adduction > 2" |
Overactive/tight: hip adductors(pectineus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis), tensor fascia latae Underactive/ lengthened:gluteus medius & maximus |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Lateral tilt, forward lean, rotation |
Lack of core stability |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Lack of ankle dorsiflexion |
Overactive/tight: ankle plantar flexors(gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris) Underactive/ lengthened: ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior...) |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Limb deviates from sagittal plane |
Overactive/tight: raised leg hip extensors (Hams- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus) Underactive/ lengthened: raised leg hip flexors (psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris QUAD) |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view: Hiking the raised hip |
Overactive/tight:stance-leg hip flexors(psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris QUAD)- limiting posterior hip rotation during raise Underactive/ lengthened: n/a |
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Hurdle step screen, Sagittal view: anterior tilt with forward lean |
Overactive/tight: stance-leg hip flexors(psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris QUAD) Underactive/ lengthened: rectus abdominis and hip extensors (Hams- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus) |
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Hurdle step screen, Sagittal view: Posterior tilt with hunched over torso |
Overactive/tight: rectus abdominus and hip extensors (Hams- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus) Underactive/ lengthened: stance leg hip flexors(psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris QUAD) |
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3 Bend and lift screen observations in frontal plane: |
1)foot stability 2) alignment of knees over 2nd toe 3) overall symmetry over base of support |
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5 Bend and lift screen observations in sagittal plane:
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1) Heel in contact with floor?
2)glute or quad dominance? (movement initiated at knees indicated quad dominance.) 3)tibia and torso parallel? descent controlled? 4) Lordosis during lowering? thoracic extension? 5) changes in head position |
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5 Hurdle step screen observations in frontal plane: |
1)observe foot stability 2) alignment of stance leg over foot 3) watch for hip adduction >2 "- downward hip tilting toward opposite side... 4)torso stability 5) alignment of moving leg- lack dorsiflexion at ankle, deviation from sagittal plane of knee/ankle, hiking of moving hip |
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2 Hurdle step screen observations in sagittal plane: |
1) stability of torso and stance leg 2) mobility of hip- allowing 70 degrees of hip flexion without compensation (anterior tilting) |
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2 Shoulder push stabilization screen observations: |
Observe any notable changes in position of scapulae relative to rib cage at both end ranges of motion observe for lumbar hyperextension in press position |
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Shoulder push stabilization screen: sagittal plane Winging during the push up movement is caused by? |
Inability of parascapular muscles (serratus anterior, traps, levator scapulae, rhomboids) to stabilize scapulae against rib cage. Can also be due to a flat thoracic spine. |
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Shoulder push stabilization screen: sagittal plane Hyperextension or collapsing of the lower back is caused by? |
Lack of core, ab and low back strength, resulting in instability. |
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Thoracic spine mobility screen observations: |
Client is seated with block between legs and holds dowel across chest... Observe any bilateral discrepancies between rotations in each direction |
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Thoracic mobility screen, transverse plane- normal results= |
trunk rotation achieves 45 degree rotation in each direction |
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Thoracic mobility screen, transverse plane - reasons for bilateral discrepancies
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Side dominance differences in paraspinal development torso rotation, perhaps associated with hip rotation *lack of thoracic mobility will negatively impact glenohumeral mobility |
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4 movement screens are: |
Bent and lift hurdle step shoulder push stabilization thoracic spine mobility |
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3 areas of Flexibility and muscle length testing screens |
thomas test for hip flexion/quads length passive straight leg raise- hamstring length shoulder mobility- shoulder flexion, extension, apley's scratch test, internal & external rotation of humerus at shoulder |
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3 main Balance and core tests: |
-sharpened romberg -stork stand -mcgill's torso muscular endurance test battery: trunk flexor endurance, trunk lateral endurance, trunk extensor endurance |
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What does Thomas test test for? |
Hip flexion and quadricep length |
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What does passive-straight leg raise test for? |
Length of hamstrings |
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Apleys scratch test |
for shoulder mobility testing, but because it involves multiple and simultaneous movements of the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral joits in ALL THREE PLANES it is used in conjunction with: isolated shoulder flexion/extension and internal/external rotation of humerus tests |
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what is the sharpened Rhomberg test? |
Assesses static balance by standing with reduced base of support (1 foot directly in front of other), hands on shoulders, and removing visual sensory info. go for 60 sec or until they lose balance. Less than 30 sec =inadequate static balance and postural control. |
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Stork stand balance test- what does it assess and how to perform |
Assesses static balance by standing on 1 foot in modified stork stand position, hands on hips. Eyes open. Raise heel and balance on ball of foot. allow 1 min practice. repeat on opposit foot. |
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Stork stand balance test- what results are excellent/good/ang/fair/poor |
MALES: >50 sec is excellent. 41-50 good, 31-40 avg, 20-30 fair, <20 poor. (GO IN INCREMENTS OF 10 with 50 being BEST) FEMALES: >30 excellent, 25-50 good, 16-24 avg, 10-15 fair, <10 poor. GO IN ~INCREMENTS OF 5 with 30 being best) |
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McGill's Torso muscular endurance test battery- what are 3 parts? |
Assesses all sides of torso. Trunk flexor endurance (remove back of decline "chair") Trunk lateral endurance (side bridge) Trunk extensor endurance (hold body 180 degrees with only feet-pelvis on table, belly button to head is off table |
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What should flexion:extension ratio be for trunk flexor endurance test? |
Ratio should be less than 1.0 For example, a flexion score of 120 seconds and an extension score of 150 seconds = 120/150= .80 ratio. |
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what should right-side bridge:left-side bridge score be? |
No greater than .05 from a balanced score of 1 ex: rt side bridge of 88 sec and left side bridge of 92 sec= 88/92= ratio score of .96 which is within the .05 range from 1 |
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What should side-bridge extension ratio be? |
Ratio less than .75 ex: right side bridge 88 sec and extension score of 150 seconds = 88/150= .59 |
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How do you perform the thomas test |
assesses length of hip flexors and quads (rectus femoris) Mid thigh aligned with table edge Gently flex both thighs toward chest, back and shoulders to table top (laying on table) pull thigh toward chest and relax opposite leg |
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Thomas test: Back of lowered thigh does not touch table and knee does not flex to 80 degrees |
Tightness in primary hip flexor muscles (illiopsoas, sartorius, rectus femoris- quads) |
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Rectus femoris |
Quads |
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Biceps femoris |
Hams |
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Thomas test: back of lowered thigh does not touch table but knee does flex to 80 degrees. |
tight illiopsoas is preventing the hip from rotating posteriorly and inhibiting thigh from touching table |
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Thomas test: back of lowered thigh touches table but knee does not flex to 80 degrees |
Tight rectus femoris (quads) which does not allow the knee to bend |
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Passive straight leg raise: raised leg achieves > or equal to 80 degrees of movement before the pelvis rotates posteriorly |
Normal hamstrings length |
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Passive straight leg raise: raised leg achieves <80 degrees of movement before the pelvis rotates posteriorly or opposing leg lifts off table |
Tight hamstrings |
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How to perform passive straight leg PSL raise |
trainer's hand between lumbar spine/low back and mat slowly raise 1 leg until you feel spine compress hand under low back (this indicated end range of motion with movement of hamstrings now occurring as the pelvis rotates posteriorly) |
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How to perform shoulder flexion test |
Client lays on back (supine) and raises arms above head to touch mat/floor (keeping arms close to sides of head) or as close to floor as poss. |
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How to perform shoulder extension test |
client lays face down (prone)raises both arms off mat/floor keeping them close to sides |
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How to evaluate shoulder flexion test |
hands should be able to touch floor or come very close (indicates 170-180 degrees flexion) |
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reason for inability to flex shoulders to 170 degrees during shoulder flexion test, or discrepancies between limbs |
Potential tightness in pectoralis major and minor, lats, teres major, rhomboids and subscapularis. Tight lats will force back to arch. tight pecs might tilt scapulae forward and prevent arms from touching floor. Tight abs will depress rib cage tilting scapulae forward Thoracic kyphosis |
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How to evaluate shoulder extension test |
should be able to extend the shoulders to 50-60 degrees off floor |
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Shoulder extension test: inability to extend to 50 degrees or discrepancies between limbs |
potential tightness in Pec major, abs, subscapularis, shoulder flexor such as anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii....tight abs may prevent normal extension of thoracic spine and rib cage Tight biceps may prevent adequate shoulder extension with an extended elbow (but ok w/ bent) |
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How to perform internal/ external rotation of humerus at shoulder evaluation |
Client lays on back (supine) in bent-knee positionstart with arms abducted to 90 degrees Rotate arms forward (in) (keep elbows at 90 degree angle) hands toward feet to check internal/medial rotation. Rotate hands up toward head (away aka external) to check external/lateral rotation |
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=good mobility in internal (medial) rotators allowing shoulder joint to achieve full ROM |
ability to externally rotate forarms to 90 degrees to touch the mat |
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=good mobility in external (lateral) rotators allowing shoulder joint to achieve full ROM |
ability to internally rotate forarms to 70 degrees to touch the mat (forearms are 20 degrees off the mat) |
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Inability to reach floor during external shoulder rotation screen or discrepancies between limbs |
potential tightness in internal rotators of arm (subscapularis) or tight joint capsule/ligaments |
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Inability to internally rotate forearm 70 degrees, or discrepancies between limbs |
potential tightness in external rotators of arm (infraspinatus and teres minor) or joint capsule and ligaments might be tight |
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Apley's scratch test PALM TO BACK movements include: |
Shoulder flexion, external rotation, scapular abduction |
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How to perform apley's scratch test |
Client reached behind head with palms toward back toward mid spine..then with palms up seated or standing no arching or rotating |
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Apley's scratch test PALM FACING UP movements include: |
shoulder extension, internal rotation, scapular adduction |
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Inability to reach specific landmarks during apley's scratch test or limb discrepancies= |
further evaluation needed to determine source of limitation- shoulder flexion and extension internal and external rotation of humerus scapular abduction and adduction |
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Static postural assessment- frontal plane Shoulders not level. What muscles are tight? |
Upper traps Levator scapulae- above shoulder, back neck Rhomboids |
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Scapular winging- what is it and what muscles are weak? |
Posterior view: Protrusion of inferior angle PLUS vertebral (medial) border outward (aka shoulders are popping out/protruding) Cause: lengthened and weakened Serratus anterior |
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serratus anterior- where is it what happens if it's tight? weak? |
between pecs and lats from side view tight= scapular protrusion weak=scapular winging |
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scapular protrusion- what is it, what causes it |
posterior view: protrusion of vertebral (medial) border of scapula outward (WIDE shoulder blades) (combined with protrusion of inferior angle=winging) Anterior view: Palms face backwards. Internal/medial rotation of humerus and/or scapular protraction TIGHT SERRATUS ANTERIOR |
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name 2 scapular stabilizers |
rhomboids serratus anterior |
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glenohumeral joint- mobile or stable? |
HIGHLY MOBILE, less stable 120 degrees of overhead movement |
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scapulothoracic joint- mobility or stability? |
STABILITY+++ less mobility, although still 60 degrees of arm overhead movement |
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Decribe anterior pelvic tilt and causes |
in sagittal plane ASIS (anterior superior illiac spine tilts downward and forward- "water spills out of bucket") Cause: Tight hip flexors (sitting all day...) Generally coupled with tight erector spinae aka lower cross syndrome (hip flexors + low back) Increased lordosis in lumbar spine. Weak hams & abs Foot pronation (eversion)can increase lumbar lordosis due to anterior pelvic tilt) |
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describe Posterior pelvic tilt and causes |
in sagittal plane ASIS anterior suprailiac spine tilts up and backward- "water falling out back of bucket" reduces lordosis in lumbar spine (flat back) Tight abs & hamstrings weak hip flexors & erector spinae |
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Left or Right hip adduction postural deviation |
Posterior view: hip shifted right for right hip adduction and vice versa Lateral tilt of pelvis that elevates 1 hip higher than the other- Can tell by looking at anterior suprailliac spine- are they level? if right hip is moving into adduction (tightening) it will lengthen and weaken abductors. |
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ankle pronation- describe |
ankle caving inward, foot everting (arch flattening) (remember, foot INversion faces INward toward body. Eversion foot faces out) Goes along with internal rotation of the knee and femur (picture your foot turning outward, your knee will rotate inward) |
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Ankle supination- decribe |
ankle caving outward, foot inversion (facing INward) Creates high arches. Goes along with external rotation of tibia & femur (picture your foot turning in, your knee will turn out) |
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Plantarflexion- what is movement and what muscles responsible |
foot flat to toes pointing down- like dipping foot in to test pool water. Gastrocnemeus & soleus are posterior compartment muscles responsible for movement. |
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Subtalar joint supination |
Causes foot inversion and high arches (INversion= facing INward) Goes along with external rotation of knee/femur |
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Subtalar joint pronation |
Causes foot eversion (facing out) and internal rotation knee/femur |
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Flat back- what is it and what causes it |
Decrease in anterior lumbar curve Mainly tight abs and weak hip flexors (iliacus, psoas major, quads) often w/ tight hamstrings. weak erector spinae |
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Lordosis- define and name weak/tight muscles |
Increased anterior lumbar curve (big curve in lower back above butt) Tight hip flexors- quads, iliacus, psoas major & minor weak hip extensors- glutes & hams |
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Name 2 major hip extensors |
Glutes Hams (biceps femoris) |
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Proper name for hams? |
Biceps femoris |
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Proper name for quads? |
Rectus femoris |
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Name some Hip Flexors |
Quads (rectus femoris) Psoas major & minor Iliacus |
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Kyphosis- define and name tight/weak muscoles associated. |
Increased posterior thoracic curve from neutral (rounded upper back) Tight hip flexors (quads, iliacus, psoas) weak hip extensors (glutes, hams) |
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Sway back- define |
decreased anterior lumbar curve (flat back) paired with increased posterior thoracic curve (kyphosis) |
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Scoliosis |
lateral spinal curvature, often accompanied by vertebral rotation |
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muscle dominance/tightness associated with kyphosis/lordosis |
TIGHT: Hip flexors (iliacus, psoas, quads- rectus femoris) Lumbar extensors- erector spinae, multifidi anterior chest/shoulder: pecs, delts Lats Neck extensors |
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Muscle WEAKNESS associated with kyphosis/lordosis |
WEAK: Hip extensors- glutes, hams (biceps femoris) external oblique upper back extensor: lats, teres major scapular stabilizers- shoulder, rotator cuff neck flexors |
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Sway backdecreased anterior lumbar curve (flat back) paired with increased posterior thoracic curve (kyphosis) Muscle TIGHTNESS/DOMINANCE aka shortened or hypertonic |
Hamstrings (hip extensor) upper fibers of posterior oblique Lumbar extensors (erector spinae, multifidi) neck extensors |
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Sway back decreased anterior lumbar curve (flat back) paired with increased posterior thoracic curve (kyphosis)Muscle LENGTHENING/WEAKNESS |
Hip flexors- iliacus, psoas major Quads (rectus femoris) (another hip flexor) external oblique upper back extensors- lats, teres major neck flexors |
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Hypertonic- define |
shortened or tight/ dominant muscle |
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Flat back (Decrease in anterior lumbar curve) muscle hypertonicity- dominance, tightness |
Rectus abdominus (abs) often with tight hams (biceps femoris) upper back extensors- lats, teres major neck extensors ankle plantarflexors (dipping foot in pool motion) |
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Flat back ( Decrease in anterior lumbar curve) muscle inhibition/lengthening/weakness |
Hip flexors (iliacus, psoas) internal obliques lumbar extensors (erector spinae, multifidi) neck flexors |
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name 2 upper back extensors |
Lats teres major |
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Name 2 lumbar extensors |
erector spinae multifidi |
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define lower cross syndrome |
Tight hip flexors (iliacus, psoas, quads- aka quad dominance) and tight erector spinae Produce: Anterior pelvic tilt + lordosis/kyphosis |
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Describe transverse view |
splits body in half top/bottom |
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Describe the sagittal plane |
Splits body back/front from side view |
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describe the frontal view |
splits body in left/right halves from anterior or posterior view |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view:
Hamstrings contact back of calves
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Muscle weakness and poor mechanics resulting in an inability to stabilize and control lowering phase
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view:
Back rounds forward |
overactive latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major & minor
underactive upper back extensors |
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Hurdle step screen, anterior view:
Stance leg inward hip rotation |
Overactive/tight: stance leg or raised leg INTERNAL ROTATORS (anterior gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, semitendinosis, semimembranosus, tensor fascia latae, gracilis)
Underactive/ lengthened: stance leg or raised leg EXTERNAL ROTATORS (sartorius, adductor muscles, iliopsoas, biceps femoris HAMS, Gluteus MAXimus) |
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Bend and lift screen sagittal view:
head upward |
compression and tightness in cervical extensor region
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