Abnormal Psychology Mood Disorders And Suicide

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altruistic suicide

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Formalized suicide approved of and even expected by some cultures.

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anomic suicide

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Suicide motivated by loss and confusion caused by a major life disruption.

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atypical depressive episode

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Depressive episode characterized by some ability to experience interest and pleasure, increased anxiety, overeating, and oversleeping.

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bipolar I disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes.

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bipolar II disorder

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Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes).

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catalepsy

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Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be sculpted to remain fixed for long periods.

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cognitive restructuring

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Cognitive therapy procedure used to change negative or unrealistic thoughts or attributions.

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cognitive therapy

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Treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudesand, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles.

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cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)

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Group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and problem behaviors; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy.

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corticosteroids

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Hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal gland in response to stressors to activate and, later, to turn off the body''s stress response. Also called stress hormones.

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cortisol

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Stress hormone (corticosteroid) secreted by the cortex of the adrenal glands as part of the stress response.

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course modifiers

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Patterns of development in a disorder that help predict its future course. These include recurrence, time sequences, and seasonal pattern.

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cyclothymic disorder

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Chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes.

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delusion

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Psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.

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depressive cognitive triad

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Thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future.

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depressive stupor (catatonic depressive episode)

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Rare but severe depressive episode experienced by someone with a mood disorder, featuring, usually, substantial reduction in spontaneous motor movement or, occasionally, agitation or odd mannerisms.

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dexamethasone suppression test (DST)

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Proposed biological test used to depress cortisol secretion.

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double depression

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Severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder.

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dysfunctional attitudes

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Cognitive errors seen in depressed individuals, who may automatically assume the worst, draw negative conclusions arbitrarily, and treat minor problems as major ones.

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dysphoric manic episode

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See mixed manic episode.

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dysthymic disorder

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Mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months.

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egoistic suicide

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Suicide that occurs in the context of diminished social supports, as in the case of some elderly people who have lost friends and family contacts.

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.

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fatalistic suicide

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Suicide in the context of a person''s hopelessness and loss of the feeling of control over personal destiny.

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fluoxetine

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Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (trade name Prozac) that acts on the serotonergic system as a treatment for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia nervosa.

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hallucinations

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Psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present.

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hypomanic episode

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Less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders.

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interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

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Brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job. It has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.

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interpersonal therapy

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Brief, structured treatment that focuses on teaching a person skills to improve existing relationships or develop new ones.

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learned helplessness

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Martin Seligman''s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality).

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lithium carbonate

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Common salt used in substantial doses to treat bipolar disorder. Clients often discontinue its use because they enjoy the manic periods, and relapse rates are high. The mechanism for its effects is unknown.

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longitudinal course

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Time patterns among mood disorders (for example, prior dysthymia or cyclothymia rapid cycling and seasonal pattern) that may suggest their course, treatment, and prognosis.

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maintenance treatment

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Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy.

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major depressive disorder, single or recurrent episode

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Mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depressionrecurrent) major depressive episodes.

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major depressive episode

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Most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.

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manic episode

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Period of abnormally elevated or irritable mood that may include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas, agitation, or self-destructive behavior.

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marital therapy

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Interventions for the relationship problems of couples, whether married or not.

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mixed manic episode

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Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. Also known as dysphoric manic episode.

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mood congruent

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Consistent with the person''s emotional level. Hallucinations and delusions may be congruent or incongruent with a depressed person''s mood (contrast with mood incongruent).

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mood disorders

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Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression.

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mood incongruent

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Not consistent with the person''s emotional level. Psychotic symptoms associated with mood disorders may not be congruent with the person''s mood (contrast with mood congruent).

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negative affect

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Emotional symptoms that are part of the definition of both anxiety and depression but are not specific to either of these. Also, substance abuse may be maintained because the substance causes an escape from unpleasant circumstances, responsibilities, or, especially, feelings.

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negative schema

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Automatic, enduring, and stable negative cognitive bias or belief system about some aspect of life.

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neurohormones

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Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology.

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neuromodulators

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Hormones secreted into the blood to transmit brain messages throughout the body. Also known as neuropeptides.

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pathological or impacted grief reaction

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Extreme reaction to the death of a loved one that involves psychotic features, suicidal ideation, or severe loss of weight or energy or that persists more than 2 months.

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phototherapy

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Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with large doses of exposure to bright light.

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postpartum onset

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Disorder that first appears in mothers during the time immediately following childbirth.

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psychological autopsy

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Postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death.

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rapid cycling

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Temporal course of a bipolar disorder when transitions between mania and depression are quick, occurring four or more times in 1 year.

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relapse

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Reappearance of or return to problem behaviors after treatment or recovery.

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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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Mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter.

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seasonal pattern

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Temporal course of bipolar or recurrent major depressive disorders in which episodes occur during particular seasons of the year.

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serotonin reuptake blockers

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See serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors.

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serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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Class of medications for depression (including Prozac) that act on the serotonergic system by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

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somatic delusions

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False and unfounded beliefs about the bodyfor example, that parts are rotting or turning to stone.

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somatic treatments

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Biological interventions that include medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery.

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specifiers

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In mood disorders, patterns of characteristics that sometimes accompany major depressive or manic episodes and may help predict their course and prognosis. These include psychotic, melancholic, atypical, catatonic, chronic, and with postpartum onset.

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stress hormones

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Group of hormones, including corticosteroids, involved in the body''s physiological stress response.

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suicidal attempts

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Efforts made to kill oneself.

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suicidal ideation

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Serious thoughts about committing suicide.

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temporal patterning

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Course modifier for mood disorders describing their time sequences, including recurrence, recovery, and alternation.

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unipolar mood disorder

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Mood disorder characterized by depression or mania but not both. Most cases involve unipolar depression.