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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The costs of substance abuse include:
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-billions of dollars,
-loss of 50,000 Americans every year due to street crime, homelessness, gang violence |
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The four levels of substance involvement include:
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-use,
-intoxication, -abuse, -dependence |
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Dependence, or addiction, involves the development or practice of:
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tolerance and withdrawal as well as engagement in drug seeking behaviors
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Persons with substance abuse disorders are most likely to have what other axis I disorders?
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mood, anxiety
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What drug is most addictive?
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nicotine
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The initial effect of alcohol is stimulation because it depresses the inhibitory centers of the brain. Via its action on GABA, it reduces feelings of ____________, whereas it’s affects on glutamate impair ___________.
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-anxiety,
-memory/learning |
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Long-term effects of alcohol use include:
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-dementia,
-Wernicke’s disease, -liver disease, -pancreatitis, -cardiovascular disease, -brain damage |
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Symptoms of FAS include:
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growth retardation, cognitive deficits, behavior problems, facial abnormalities
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Early alcohol research by Jellinek was flawed in that:
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only a small proportion of surveys were returned
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Whereas the pattern of alcohol abuse is variable, that of alcohol dependence seems more:
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progressive
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Whether or not alcohol is linked with aggression depends on:
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-the quantity drunk,
-timing, -history of violence, -expectations, -consequences |
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The depressants include:
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-alcohol,
-sedatives (barbiturates), -hypnotics, -anxiolytics (benzodiazepines) |
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Anxiolytic means ____________ whereas analgesic means ____________.
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-anxiety reducing,
-pain reducing |
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The stimulants include:
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-amphetamines,
-cocaine, -nicotine, -caffeine |
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Amphetamines increase the level of norepinephrine and dopamine, creating feelings of:
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-euphoria,
-power, -confidence, -increased blood pressure, -insomnia, -decreased appetite, -paranoia |
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Cocaine is unique in that dependence develops (slowly/rapidly) and the withdrawal syndrome (does/does not involve) sickness (ex: headaches, fever, vomiting).
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-slowly
-does not |
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Narcotics, also known as opiods, exert their effect by:
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activating naturally occurring chemicals in the brain, including enkephalins and endorphins
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At low doses, narcotics produce feelings of euphoria, drowsiness, and slow breathing; however, in addition to severe withdrawal, they carry what 2 additional risks?
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-high does can be fatal (high mortality rates),
-risk of HIV transmission (they are administered intravenously) |
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Marijuana, THC, and LSD are examples of what class of medications?
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hallucinogens
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Marijuana is used to medically treat:
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nausea and glaucoma
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The long-term effects of inhalants include:
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-medical: damage to the bone marrow, kidneys, brain, and liver
-psychological: aggression, anti-social behavior |
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Using various combinations of steroids is called ____________.
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stacking
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Although legitimate uses of steroids include the treatment of asthma, anemia, breast cancer, and inadequate juvenile sexual development, the risks include: ___________
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-hypertension,
-heart disease, -balding, -impaired sexual functioning |
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The use of illegal drugs is mostly attributed to __________ factors, whereas abuse and dependence is attributed mostly attributed to ____________factors.
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environmental, polygenetic
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All drugs of abuse seem to produce their reinforcing effects by activating:
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the pleasure or reward center of the brain (dopaminergic system)
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Positively reinforcing aspects of drugs include:
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-getting high,
-perceived social facilitation |
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Negatively reinforcing aspects of drugs include:
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escaping negative emotions such as anxiety
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A theory that combines the positive and negative reinforcing effects of drugs is the:
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opponent process theory
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Social and societal contributions to drug use include:
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-conditioning,
-stress, -expectations re use, -neuroplasticity, -cultural/community/social norms (media, family, friends), -genetics, -exposure to use |
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With regard to the biological treatment of drug use, a drug similar to the abused substance with fewer negative side effects is called an __________, a medication that blocks the positive aspects of drugs is called an ___________, and use of a medication to make use of the drug unpleasant is called ___________.
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agonist, antagonist, aversive treatment
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True or False: Despite limited data, the general consensus is that controlled use is at least as effective as abstinence.
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true
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The community reinforcement approach includes what 4 key components?
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-Involvement of significant others,
-identification of antecedents and consequences of drug use, -engagement in requisite social services, -development of alternative recreational and coping outlets |
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All of the impulse-control disorders involve what commonalities?
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-increased anxiety/tension before,
-relief after, social/occupational impairment |
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what does causality refer to when it comes to substance-related disorders?
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substance abuse can cause depression, anxiety, and sometimes psychosis, but sometimes people with these disorders may begin using drugs to counteract their feelings
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what does alcohol effect by suppressing GABA?
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suppresses anxiety
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what does alcohol effect by suppressing glutamate?
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memory and learning
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what does alcohol effect by suppressing serotonin?
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produces more cravings for alcohol
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types of drug that induces sleep or relaxation...
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sedatives
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type of drug that alters sensory experiences to some extent but mainly relaxation...
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hypnotic
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type of drug that is anxiety reducing...
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anxiolytic
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true or false. stimulants are the most widely used drug in the US.
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true
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the effects of amphetamines include an "up" and a "crash," what does this mean?
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up-> after taking drug, elation, vigor, reduced fatigue
crash-> after drug wears off, extreme fatigue, depression |
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what is the second most frequently abused drug?
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cocaine
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what does it mean to say that cocaine has an atypical withdrawal?
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withdrawal includes boredom and apathy
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what does "dosing" mean?
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maintain a steady level of nicotine in bloodstream (ex: before sleep, after waking)
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what is the most frequently used illegal drug in the US?
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marijuana
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what is characteristic of marijuana's tolerance and withdrawal/dependence?
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tolerance-> questionable
withdrawal and dependence-> uncommon |
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what is the most common hallucinogenic drug?
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LSD
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what is characteristic of LSD's tolerance and withdrawal/dependence?
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tolerance-> rapid
withdrawal/dependence-> uncommon |
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what kind of drugs are considered the "cheap man's high?"
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inhalants
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what is "cycling"?
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when a person is on a drug for a certain number of days or weeks and then goes off the drug for a certain period of time
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what are some designer drugs?
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-ecstasy
-MDEA (eve) -BDMPEA (nexus) -ketamine (special K) |
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what is GABA's neurobiological influence on substance-related disorders?
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inhibition of GABA yields more dopamine activation which yields more craving and addiction
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what system of the brain had neurobiological influences on substance-related disorders?
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dopaminergic
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physiological cues for craving are attributed to what?
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neuroplasicity
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psychological cues to cravings are attributed to what?
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anything paired with drug use in one's environment
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what are two downsides to inpatient facilities as a treatment?
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-expensive ($900-2000/day)
-may relapse after treatment because external cues of real world were taken away in treatment |
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what is contingency management?
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a person sets up reinforcements or consequences for partaking in positive or negative behavior
(positive ex: money i save by not smoking goes toward vacation) (negative ex: if i smoke, i have to give $5 to a charity that i hate) |
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what are some commonalities among impulse-control disorders?
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-increased anxiety/tension before they engage in activity, but then relief after they engage
-social and occupational impairment |
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what is characteristic of a person with intermittent explosive disorder?
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frequent explosive outbursts
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what is characteristic of a person with kleptomania?
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failure to resist the urge to steal unnecessary items (compulsion)
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what is characteristic of a person with pyromania?
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irresistible urge to set fires because of the thrill of the fire
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how is pyromania different from arson?
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pyromania does it for the thrill of the fire, and arson does it because they are trying to cover something up, etc.
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what is characteristic of a person with pathological gambling?
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irresistible urge to gamble, usually to the point of bankruptcy
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what is characteristic of a person with trichotillomania?
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irresistible urge to pull hair
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what is an example of a comprehensive prevention project for drug abuse?
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Montana Meth Project, which focuses on media and advertising
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