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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Statistical definition of abnormality
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Behavior is abnormal if it is rare (but also, what about heroism?)
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Disease vs. disorder
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Disease implies biological causation, disorder implies psychological causation
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Cultural definition of abnormality
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Behavior is abnormal if it deviates from the social norms
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Functional definition of abnormality
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Behavior is abnormal if it interferes with important life functions, like anorexia
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Purposes of classification
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Brings order to the domain, suggests a degree of relatedness, guides interventions
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Problems with classification
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Loss of information (labeling, stereotyping, etc.), self-fulfilling prophecies, people are more than just their label
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Levels of classification
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Signs/symptoms
Syndromes Disease/disorder |
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Syndrome
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Collection of signs and symptoms that go together greater than chance
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Incidence
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Number of NEW cases in any given interval
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Prevalence
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Total number of active cases in any given interval
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Lifetime prevalence of any disorder
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48%
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Early Supernatural period
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Abnormal behavior was attributed to supernatural forces, people possessed by spirits or gods, and treatment was left to religious leaders (prayers, sacrifices, exorcisms)
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Greek Natural Science period
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Hippocrates, rejected supernatural theories, treatments were largely physical (rest, diet, etc.), hysteria (uterus wandering around the body looking for a child) and the humoral theory
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Humoral theory of psychopathology
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Hippocrates' idea during Greek Natural Science period, mental illness was a consequence of imbalances in bodily fliuds
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Medieval Supernatural period
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Return to supernatural ideas and treatment reverts to religious leaders, Papal Bull that witches do exist and Malleus Maleficarum (Witches' Hammer - first diagnostic manual), corporal possession (unwilling) and spiritual possession (willing = witch)
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Renaissance and the rise of Modern Natural Science
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Paracelsus (influence of planetary bodies), Kraeplin, general paresis linked to syphilis, and early psychogenic theories (Mesmer, Charcot, Freud, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson)
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Emil Kraeplin
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Father of modern classification, distinguished dementia praecox (schizophrenia) from manic-depression, "masturbatory insanity"
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General paresis
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Progressive mental deterioration linked to syphilis (Krafft-Ebbing inoculated paretic patients with the syphilis virus and they didn't get infected because they already were!)
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Mesmer
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"Mesmerism", animal magnetism theory which later became hypnotism
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Charcot
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Believed that mental illness was the result of reversible lesions in the brain
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Freud
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Focused on repressed conflicts, most important aspects of life are unconscious
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Behaviorists
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Watson - changed focus of psychology to behavior
Pavlov - classical conditioning (cues are conditioned) Skinner - operant conditioning (based on consequences) |
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Causal processes
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Necessary - must be there
Sufficient - all you need Contributory - ups the odds |
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Proximal vs. distal
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Proximal = causal processes that occur later in time and closer to onset
Distal = causal processes that occur earlier in time and further from onset |
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Diathesis-stress
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Preexisting causal risk triggered by a subsequent event
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Biological causal factors
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Neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, temperament
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Causality - behavioral perspective
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Consequence of what you learn:
Classical - cues are conditioned Operant - consequences shape behaviors |
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Causality - dynamic perspective (Freud)
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Unconscious conflicts locked away in infancy
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Causality - cognitive perspective
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What you believe to be true influences how you feel and what you do (not necessarily events or situations, but how you perceive them)
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Causality - humanistic perspective
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Psychopathology as a consequence of not following your internal guide (people are free to make choices, but sometimes we choose wrong)
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Causality - sociocultural perspective
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Cultural factors influence what disorders develop and what form they take (rates of anorexia for example)
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Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM)
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Revised 5 times since the 50s, 5 axes:
Axis I - specific disorders Axis II - personality disorders Axis III - medical comorbidity Axis IV - life stress Axis V - global functioning |
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Stress
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Effects within organism of being forced to deal with demands
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Stressor
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Event or situation putting demands on an organism
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Coping strategies
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Efforts by the organism to deal with stress
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General adaptation syndrome (stress)
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Alarm - mobilization of resources
Resistance - adaptive capabilities maximized Exhaustion - resources depleted |
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Stress and the sympathetic nervous system
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Sympathetic-adrenomeduallry system (SAM) - fight/flight response, mobilizes the body for a rapid response
HPA axis also a part of the sympathetic systems |
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Stress and immune system
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Escape first and heal later, depression as an emotional immune response
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Adjustment disorders
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Reactions to common life stressors, usually resolved within months
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Acute stress disorder
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Severe stress syndrome, occurs within 4 weeks and lasts no more than a month
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Persistent reexperiencing of traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts), avoid stimuli associated with the trauma, chronic arousal and tension (anxiety)
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Treatment and prevention of stress disorders
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Stress-inoculation training, prediction and control are important, direct exposure and "reliving" strategies
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Neurotic behavior
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Distress and avoidance behaviors but no loss of contact with reality
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Fear vs. anxiety
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Psychodynamic view was that they were the same thing, but now we differentiate fear/panic from anxiety since the patterns of biology and anatomy differ
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Fear/panic - biology
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The activation of emergency response system (fight/flight) - amygdala and locus coeruleus, norepinephrine
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Anxiety - biology
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Chronic apprehensive arousal (more diffuse and future oriented than fear) - limbic system and stria terminals, GABA and CRH
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Fight or flight response
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Activation of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system, readies the body for coordinated action to respond to threat, amygdala triggers firing of the locus coeruleus (NE to the HPA axis)
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Prevalence of anxiety disorders
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Overall - 25%
Specific phobia - 11% Social phobia - 13% Panic disorder and agoraphobia - 3.5% GAD - 5% OCD - 2.5% |
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Specific phobias
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Fear in presence of specific object or situation, persistent over time, involves sympathetic arousal (except for blood-injection-injury phobia)
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Social phobias
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Fear of negative evaluation by others, can be specific or general, worsens with stress, adolescent onset and modest gender split
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Panic disorder
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Defined as overwhelming sense of imminent danger without an obvious precipitant (unlike specific phobias), onset is rapid and intense, amygdala/locus coeruleus/fight or flight response
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Agoraphobia
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Avoidance of situations from which escape would be difficult or help not forthcoming, typically linked to panic disorder, onset in early adulthood but linked to earlier school phobia
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Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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Nonspecific chronic and excessive worry (restless, fatigued, concentration problems, insomnia, etc.), early onset and often co-morbid
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Obsessions (unwanted intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors or acts a person feels driven to perform), adult onset is typical but it can also be found in children, anxiety is the primary affect and responsibility is the primary concern - acting on compulsion briefly reduces the anxiety
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Drug treatment of anxiety disorders
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Minor tranquilizers - work quickly but don't last and can be addictive
Antidepressants - useful for panic/anxiety disorders MAOI's and SSRI's - useful for social phobia Drugs that act on serotonin - useful for OCD |
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Psychosocial treatment for anxiety disorders
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Dynamic treatment - not very effective
Behavior therapy - does reduce symptoms Systematic desensitization - works for specific phobias Exposure + response prevention - works for phobias and OCD CBT with exposure - good for ALL!! (especially panic and GAD) |