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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of microorganisms and viruses is ______ |
Microbiology
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The _____ is a dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life
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Cell
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________ is a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
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Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
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The _____ is a structure found outside the cell membrane in most microbes, confers structural strength |
Cell wall
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_________ is the chemical transformation of nutrients in a cell
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Metabolism
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____ is the generation of two cells from one.
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Reproduction
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Generation of, and response to, chemical signals between cells is _____
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Communication
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Protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions are ______
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Enzymes
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DNA produces RNA during _______
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Transcription
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RNA makes protein during _______
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Translation
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Populations of interacting assemblages of microbes are ____ |
microbial communities
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The environment in which a microbial population lives is a _____
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Habitat
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A group of cells (or organisms) derived from a single cell is a _______
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Population
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_____ refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment
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Ecosystem
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The study of microbes in their natural environment is _____
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Microbial ecology
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_______ is the common ancestral cell from which all cells descended
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Last universal common ancestor (LUCA):
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Earth is _____ years old
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4.6 billion
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First cells appeared between _____ years ago
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3.8 and 3.9 billion
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The atmosphere was anoxic until ____years ago
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~2 billion
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Metabolisms of early cells were exclusively anaerobic until evolution of oxygen-producing _______
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phototrophs
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Life was exclusively microbial until _____ years ago
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~1 billion
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Where are most microbial cells are found?
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oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces
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______ are microbes capable of causing infectious diseases
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Pathogens microbes that live in and on a host microbial (normal) flora
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Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water is _______
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nutrient cycling
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___ is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.
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bioremediation
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_____ is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation.
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biofuel
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________ was the scientist who was the first to describe microbes and coined the term cell.
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Robert Hooke
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________ was the scientist who was the first to describe bacteria (1674) and protozoa
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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________ was the scientist who founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores
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Ferdinand Cohn
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_____ is the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life
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Spontaneous generation
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________ was the first scientist to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation. Demonstrated that maggots come from eggs of flies. |
Francesco Redi
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__________ discovery of bacteria opened the spontaneous generation debate again.
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Leeuwenhoek's
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The experiment of ________ seemed to support spontaneous generation. He placed nutrient broth in flasks, heated one. Control was not heated. Microbial growth occurred in both flask.
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John Needham
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What are the reasons that Needham's experiment resulted in growth in all flask?
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1. Not heated enough.
2. Microbes in the air. |
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The experiment of ________ supported biogenesis. He placed nutrient broth in flasks, sealed one and then boiled both. No microbial growth occurred in sealed flask. No growth in open flask.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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________ was the scientist who proposed that air was a vital force for living things.
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Antoine Lavosier
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________ was the scientist who showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore state when subjected to an environment deleterious to the vegetative state.
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Ferdinand Cohn
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________ was the scientist who proposed biogenesis
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Rudolf Virchow
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______ is the theory that all life comes from life.
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biogenesis
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________ was the scientist who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who disproved theory of spontaneous generation using swan-necked flask.
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who developed methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique).
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers (chirality).
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical).
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Louis Pasteur
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________ is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine.
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Fermentation
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________ was the scientist who discovered that microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food. Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar.
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Louis Pasteur
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________ was the scientist who demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases.
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Robert Koch
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________ was the scientist who identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis.
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Robert Koch
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________ was the scientist who developed postulates that are still used to link specific an organism to the disease that it causes.
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Robert Koch
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________ was the scientist who developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes.
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Robert Koch
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________ was the scientist who developed enrichment culture technique.
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Martinus Beijerinck
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________ was the scientist who demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S & N cycles)
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Sergei Winogradsky
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________ was the scientist who proposed concept of chemolithotrophy: oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation.
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Sergei Winogradsky
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The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms
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Microbial systematics
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The study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate.
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Microbial physiology
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The study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats.
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Microbial ecology
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The study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions.
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Microbial biochemistry
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The study of heredity and genetic variation in microbes.
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Microbial genetics
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The study of viruses and subviral particles. |
Virology
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The study of nucleic acids and proteins.
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Molecular biology
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The study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells.
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Genomics
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The study of infectious diseases.
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Medical microbiology
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The study of immune systems.
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Immunology
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The study of microbial diversity and processes in soil.
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Agricultural microbiology and Soil microbiology
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The study of microbial processes in water, wastewater and drinking water safety.
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Aquatic microbiology and marine microbiology
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The manipulation of cellular genomes of microbes to produce a desired product. |
Biotechnology
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The large-scale production of microbial products.
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Industrial microbiology
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What are the reasons that it is not always possible to satisfy all of Koch's postulates for every infectious disease? |
1. Animal models not always available (cause disease only in humans )
2. Some microbes cause more than one disease 3. Some diseases are caused by multiple different microbes 4. Some microbes cannot be grown in culture outside a living host |
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Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring is _____
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Evolution
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What is Koch’s Postulate #1?
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The same pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease.
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What is Koch’s Postulate #2?
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The pathogen must be grown in pure culture from the diseased host.
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What is Koch’s Postulate #3?
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The same disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the microbe is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible host.
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What is Koch’s Postulate #4?
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The pathogen must then be recovered from the experimentally infected host and shown to be the original organism.
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Why are microbes excellent models for understanding cellular processes?
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1. Grow in high numbers
2. Reproduce rapidly 3. Share characteristics with higher organisms 4. Have great diversity |
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The plasma membrane functions as a ______ membrane
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semi-permeable
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Evolution is typically ______ (faster/slower) in microbes.
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faster
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Quorum sensing is an example of ________ between microbes.
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communication
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The diversity of microbial communities is controlled by the ___ and ______ of their habitat.
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resources
conditions |
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First cells were ________ (aerobes/anaerobes)
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anaerobes
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Anoxygenic phototrophs appeared ________ (before/after) oxygenic phototrophs.
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before
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The majority of the biomass on earth is in _________
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microbes
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_________ are microbes that produce natural gas.
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methanogens
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The conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia and nitrate is _________
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nitrogen fixation
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_________ is the collection of processes by which sulfur moves to and from minerals (including the waterways) and living systems.
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Sulfur cycling
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