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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is cartilage and what does it consist of?
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Cartilage is a type of connective tissue. It contains a matrix that consists of collagen and elastin fibers, and chondrocyte cells.
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic
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Where is hyaline cartilage found?
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ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, embryo/fetus, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes
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where is elastic cartilage found?
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epiglottis, external ear, eustachian tubes
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where is fibrocartilage found?
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pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci
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what are the functions of bone?
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support, framework; protection of internal organs, assists with movement, mineral homeostasis, site of blood cell production, storage of triglycerides.
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what are the three minerals bone stores in order?
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Ca, PO4 (phosphate), Mg
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what are the parts of a long bone?
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diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, metaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity
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what is found in the medullary cavity in a child vs. an adult?
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yellow blood marrow - adults
red blood marrow - kids |
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mineralization, calcification and ossification are all different ways of describing what?
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the process by which bones harden initiated by osteoblasts
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what are osteoprogenitors?
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precursor cells, unspecialized stem cells which must undergo differentiation into osteoblasts
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what are osteoblasts?
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initiate calcification/bony matrix/bone building - eventually become trapped by matrix and differentiate into osteocytes
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what are osteocytes?
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mature bone cells used to maintain bone matrix
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what are osteoclasts?
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cells that break down the matrix of bone/bone resorption/bone destroying - needed for growth, repair and maintenance
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osteoclasts are under the control of which two hormones?
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calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
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which type of bone is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous?
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compact bone
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which type of bone has osteon-haversian system lamellae?
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compact bone
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which type of bone has a central/haversian canal?
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compact bone
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which type of bone has volkman's canals?
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compact bone
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what are volkman's canals?
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perforating canal which is a passageway for blood vessels/nerves from the periosteum
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True or false: only compact bone has lacunae which contain osteocytes?
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false, both compact and spongy bone have lacunae which contain osteocytes
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which type of bone contains canaliculi?
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compact bone
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which type of bone does not contain osteons and has open spaces filled with RBM?
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spongy/cancellous bone
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where is spongy bone found?
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short, flat and irregular shaped bones - epiphyseal ends of long bones, hips, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull
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which type of bone contains trabeculae?
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spongy bone
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what are the two mechanisms for making bone?
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endochondral and intramembranous ossification
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Where is compact bone found?
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covering entire bone and in diaphysis
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which type of ossification occurs in flat bones of skull, mandible and clavicles?
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intramembranous
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replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone happens in which type of ossification?
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endochondral
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which type of ossification happens in most bones of the body and base of skull?
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endochondral
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define interstitial growth
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lengthening of a bone, growth from within
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define appositional growth
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growth in width, increase in matrix
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describe the resting cartilage zone (3)
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nearest the epiphysis, does not function in bone growth, anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
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describe the proliferation cartilage zone (2)
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looks like a stack of coins, divides to replace those that die
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describe the hypertrophy cartilage zone (3)
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arranged in columns, burst - releasing enzymes into matrix, stimulates calcification
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describe the calcification matrix zone (2)
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dead cells with calcified matrix, removed and replaced by bony matrix and cells
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what is remodeling of bone?
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ongoing replacement of old bone by new bone tissue
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where is hGH produced?
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anterior pituitary gland
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what action does hGH produce?
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stimulates bone growth - growth at epiphyseal plate
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where is Calcitonin produced?
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parafollicular cells in thyroid gland
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what action does CT produce?
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acts on osteoclasts in bone, inhibits them, stops bone resporption, increases Ca deposits from blood into bone to lower blood Ca levels
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where is PTH produced?
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parathyroid gland
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what action does PTH produce?
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acts on osteoclasts and kidneys. stimulates osteoclasts into bone resorption and signals kidneys to lower Ca levels in urine to increase blood Ca levels
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where is calcitriol produced?
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the kidneys
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what action does calcitriol produce?
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it acts on the intestines to increase calcium absorption from food
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name the major sutures
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coronal/frontal
sagittal lambdoidal/occipital squamosal/temporal |
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where is the coronal/frontal suture located?
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between the frontal bone and both parietal bones
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where is the sagittal suture located?
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between the two parietal bones
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where is the lambdoidal/occipital suture found?
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between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
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where are the squamosal/temporal sutures found?
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between the temporal, parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones
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what are the four major fontanels
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anterior/frontal
anterior lateral posterior/occipital posterior lateral |
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where is the anterior/frontal fontanel located?
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between the two parietal bones
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where are the anterior lateral fontanels found?
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laterally, anterior, between the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
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