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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Archaeology
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- a method for studying past human cultures and analyzing material evidence
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Archaeological Site
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- a place where human activity occurred and material remains were left
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Artifact
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- any object significantly modified and used by humans
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Historical Reconstruction
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- the end product of archaeological research
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Anthropology
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- science of humans
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Inference
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- conclusion from observations
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Hypothesis
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- a proposed explanation from facts
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Observation
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- recognizing a fact
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Anthropology
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-study of humans
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Anthropomorphic
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-human shape
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Propitious
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- good shape/body
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Anthropomorphic vessel
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- pot
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Anthropoid
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- refers to apes, or monkeys, humanlike animals
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Paleopathology
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-old disease
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Paleo-ethno-botanists
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- Old-ethnic-plants
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Subs of Anthropology
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Physical
Cultural |
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Subs of Physical
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Forensic
Evolution Primatology |
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Physical
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-studies human evolution
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Forensic
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experts at human skeletons
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Primatology
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study of primates/apes
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Cultural
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evolution of cultures,
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Subs of Cultural
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Linguistics
Archeology Ethnology |
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Ethnology
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study living people that are ancestors of -non-industrialized societies
-helps archeologists learn about cultures before |
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Archeology
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- studies material remains to describe human behavior
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Linguistics
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- study language variations and changes
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Ideology
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- belief system
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Social Structure
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- way the society organizes itself
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Behavior patterns
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- types of behavior, agricultural, hunting, cooking etc
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Hunting and gathering
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- of animals and plant foods
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Pastoral
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- herding animals have a nomadic life
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Agricultural
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- horticultural: gather enough for families
-intensive agriculture: gather for a lot of people, has a cast society |
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types of behavior patterns
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Hunting and Gathering
Pastoral Agricultural |
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Bands
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-nomadic
-hunters and gatherers -25-50 people, shared their talents: shared their food from hunting and people shared there picking berries skills -everyone and everything was equal to e/o |
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Tribes
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- bigger, leadership based on ability to hunt
-practiced reciprocity -animists: they were a part of nature not above - women were farmers, men were hunters and warriors |
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Chiefdoms
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- chief somewhat based on ability
-ranked society, -agriculture was invented -ruler was descendents of god |
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States
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-ranked, like chiefdoms
-reinforced religious beliefs, -had markets, factories -like societies today |
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Feature
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- the context around where an artifact is found like bricks and sipapu
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Ecofacts
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-have cultural relevance but aren’t modified by humans like plants and wild animals
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Sites
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- clusters of artifacts, ecofacts, and features
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Surface sites and buried site
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underwater or ground
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Regions
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- geographically defined area with interrelated human communities
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Matrix
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- physical stuff that surrounds and supports the artifacts
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Provenience
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- the location of this artifact, like lateral and longitude used to state where a place is
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Association
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- two or more remains occurring together
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Context
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-can tell about an artifact from where it is located
-primary: undisturbed, burials and tombs, midden -secondary: disturbed, bioturbation, overlapping burials, tomb robbers |
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Midden
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-garbage pits, primary context, have layers of stratification,
-Bioturbation-disturbance of animals of garbage -explains why Basket maker and Pueblo stuff is mixed in together |
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Clusters
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-archeological data found in association of e/o
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Experimental Archeology
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- reconstructs techniques used before like flint knapping
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Social Archeology
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- reconstruction of social cat systems
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First American Indians
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- hunters and gatherers, 15,000-12,000 years ago, bands, stayed in rock shelters,
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Basket Maker II
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-Lived in rock shelters
-Made baskets for cooking and storage -5 ft. tall, men w/ long hair and women with short- preserved because of the dry area they lived in -Collected seeds, nuts, fruit, berries, and were cooked in baskets -Lots of hunting and little agriculture -Used Atlatl: like a spear but part of it stayed in the hand and part detached - Had Yucca sandals |
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Basket Maker III
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-Pithouses,
-Pottery: plain gray but elaborate baskets -More agriculture, more corn - ceremonial- kivas were underground and had a sipapu: believed that the spirits came through that hole - bow and arrow: more accurate -turkey was a domesticated animal, bow and awls used for sowing -Manos and Matates and jewelry |
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Pueblo I
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-Heads flattened from boards from the cradle
-Houses were surface dwellings, most activities outside -Had kivas with fires and sipapu -Pottery experimented with different shapes -Black and white designed pottery |
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Pueblo II
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-Became a chiefdom (ranked society) before tribes
-Evidence- tall, well formed: have been eating more meat and buried with jewels -Great Kivas -Traded stuff- Jade and carried things |
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Pueblo III
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-Moved in cliff overhangs for protection
-Went south b/c there was a drought (from tree rings thick ring lots of water, thin line little or no water -Had logs on kivas- burned the wood and preserved it |