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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do we call proteins that bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells?
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enzymes
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What is hemoglobin?
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oxygen carrying protein
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What are antibodies?
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protective proteins
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What do antibodies do?
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fight bad things
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What are hormones?
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regulatory proteins
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What do hormones do?
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send messages and alter cellular metabolism
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What are contractile proteins?
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motion proteins
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What do contractile proteins do?
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move cell parts and contract muscles
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The structures and functions of cells differ according to the type of _____ they contain.
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protein
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Proteins are polymers and the monomers are called _____ _____.
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amino acids
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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Which part of an amino acids' structure differentiates them from one another?
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attached side chain
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What do we call two or more amino acids covalently bonded together?
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peptide
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What type of reaction joins two amino acids together?
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dehydration reaction
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What is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds called?
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polypeptide
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What type of covalent bond is used to join two amino acids?
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peptide bond
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Polypeptides containing more than ____ amino acids are generally referred to as proteins.
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100
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What is the function of a protein determined by?
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three-dimensional shape
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List the four levels of structure proteins demonstrate.
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
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A protein's sequence of amino acids is called its _____ structure.
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primary
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The _____ structure of a protein occurs when portions of the amino acid chain take on a certain orientation in space.
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secondary
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The secondary structure of a protein can exhibit two forms. What are they?
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alpha helix (spiral) or pleated sheet
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Which bonds stabilize parallel and non-parallel beta-pleated sheets?
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hydrogen bonds
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The _____ structure of a protein is its overall 3-D shape that results from the folding and twisting of its secondary structure.
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tertiary
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What determines a protein's shape at the tertiary level?
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secondary structure and R group interactions
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What is a protein's tertiary structure responsible for?
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function
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What determines a protein's function?
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shape
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What types of external conditions can have an effect on the tertiary structure of a protein?
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pH and temperature
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When external conditions, like pH or temperature, changes a proteins structure it loses its function. What is this called?
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denaturing
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A protein has a _____ structure when it contains more than one polypeptide chain.
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quaternary
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Give two common protein examples that have a quaternary structure.
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hemoglobin and insulin
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List the two overall shapes proteins may be classified as.
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fibrous or globular
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Describe the fibrous shape of a protein.
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rodlike
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Describe the globular shape of a protein.
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rounded or irregular 3-D shape
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The presence of which of the following element(s) differentiates a protein from a carbohydrate molecule?
carbon | hydrogen | nitrogen | oxygen | nitrogen and oxygen |
Nitrogen
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