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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How to better nutrition in cancer? |
Low GI, high fibre, vitamin A, C, D, E, fruit and veg |
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what not to eat with cancer? |
High GI, blackened foods, fried foods, fat, alchohol |
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What is GABA? |
an inhibitory in the CNS system |
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What is GABAS distribution? |
cerebral cortex, olfactory neurons, basal ganglia, spine, hippo-campus |
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GABAS a binding site for? |
benzodiazepenes, anti-convulsants, steroids |
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What does GABA control? |
Motor control, vision, anxiety |
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What are the five catecholamines? |
Dopamine, noradrenalin, adrenaline, histamine, serotonin |
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what are the adrenoreceptors that signal through catechlamines? |
a1, a2, b1, b2 |
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a1 is? |
smooth muscle contraction |
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a2 is? |
inhibits trasmitter release, smooth muscle contraction |
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b1 is? |
increases cardiac output by increasing heart rate |
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b2 is? |
promopts smooth muscle relaxation resulting in bronchodilation |
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Where is histamine found? |
mast cell and basophil granule |
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Pathophysiology of anaphylatic shock relating to histamine? |
antibodies bind to receptors on mast cell/basophils- signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis relate to histamine receptors (H1 mediates severe itching, tachycardia, mucous generaton) |
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What are the three histamine receptors? |
H1- central H1- peripheral H2- peripheral |
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What does the histamine 1 central receptor cause? |
sleep/wake/vomiting- sedatives and anti emetics used |
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HIstamine 2? |
dilation of arterioles, nerves (pain/itch)- allergy/hay fever |
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Histamine 3? |
secretion of stomach acid (stomach/duodenal ulcers) |
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Two receptors of acetylcholine? |
Nicontinc, muscarinic |
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Pathophysiology of alzihemers disease? |
up in extracellular plaques in grey matter, plaques attract migrolia |
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What does migrolia do to plaques? |
tries to destroy them- doesnt work so neurons are damaged and endless assult occurs |
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What happens with neurofibrillary tangles and TAU? |
TAU is a protein, when it is abnormal is detaches of the nerve cell, is twisted and dilated --> alziehmers disease |
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What does B amyloid cells do? |
enhance disease processes- enzymes cause fragment to break off, fragments cause plaque rupturing |
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What are the two classes of drugs and examples for alzehimers disease? |
1. acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: rivastigmine, neostigmine 2. glutamate receptor antagonists: memantime |
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Where does parkinsons occur? |
substantia nigra (loss of pigmented cells), dopamine decrease in basal ganglia |
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Aim of pharmacology in parkinsons? |
restore dopaminergic-cholinergic balance, increase, dopamine, reduce acetylcholine activity |
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Two treatments? |
Levodopa: amino acid, crosses BBB and turns into dopamine Carbidopa: drug, enhances effects of levodopa and reduces side effects (nausea, agitation, depression) |
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How does a thrombotic stroke occur? |
Thrombus pieces break off and blocks vessels |
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What artery is involved in stroke? |
Middle cerebral artery |
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Three treatments for thrombotic stroke? |
thrombolytic therapy (blood flow), supportive (cerebral perfusion), surgery (large clots) |
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3 actions of aspirin? |
thromboxane inhibitor, anti-inflammatory, prevents atheroscleotic plaques from rupturing |
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Patho of haemorrhagic stroke? |
mass of blood = high blood volume, pressure and rupture and blood seeps into ventricles, ICP |
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Where may haemorrhagic strokes occur? |
basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, brain stem |
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Causes of stroke? |
hypertension, anureism, blood disorders, trauma, malformation |
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Patho of schizophrenia? |
too much dopamine, not enough acetylcholine |
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Three typical classes of drugs? |
Phenothiazines, Butyrophenones, Thixoanthenes |
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Typical drugs? |
Chlorpromazine, Droperidol, Flupenthixol |
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A-typical classes? |
Benzisoxazoles, Diphenylbutylpiperdone, Benzamides, Dibenzodiazepines |
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A typical drugs? |
Risperidone, Pimozide, Amilsulpride, Clozapine |
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Four types of pain? |
Somatic, Visceral, Referred, Phantom |
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PQRST? |
Provocation, quality, referred, severity, timing |
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Four classes of anti-depressnats? |
Tricylic, Tetracylic, Monoamide oxidase inhibitorsr, Seretonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors |
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what does SSRI stand for |
selectvie seretonin reuptake inhibitors |
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What is the drug for SSRI? |
Fluoxetine |
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What does SNRI stand for |
seretonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor |
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what is the drug for SNRI? |
venlafaxine |
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What are the four drugs to ease mania |
lithium carbonate, carbmazepine, sodium valproate, clozaepam |
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what are the four opiod receptors? |
delta, epsilon, kappa, Mu |
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what are the three treatments for opiod addiction? |
methadone, naltrexone, buphrenorphine |
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what are the two alcholol treatments? |
disfuluram, naltrexone |
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What is the treatment for cannibis addiction? |
naltrexone |
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What are the 4 modulations for pain control? |
Spinal level, motor stimulation, nerve block, analgesics |
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What are two IV anasethetics? |
Barbiturate: thiopentone Non barbiturate: propofol |
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What are four inhalation anesthetics? |
Nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, desflurane, halothane |
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What are two local anesthetics? |
articaine, lidocaine |
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what are the five types of shock? |
cardiogenic, septic, neurogenic, hypovolemic, anaphylatic |
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three things death from shock are caused by? |
inadequate tissue perfusion, anerobic respiration, cellular dehydration |
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What are the three stages of shock? |
Compensatory, Progressive, Irreversible |
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treatment for shock? |
anaphylactic- epinephrine septic- antibiotics/fluids cardiogenic- underlying cause (heart issues) hypovolemic- fluid/blood transfusion neurogenic- anti-inflammatories |
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function of NSAIDS? |
block enzymes, reduce prostaglandins |
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function of corticosteroids? |
mimic effects of hormones, suppress inflammation |
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what is local inflammation?
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contained in a particular site, acute, sting bite or scracth) |
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what is systemic inflammation? |
inflammation that has spread/blood/sepsis/chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis |
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what do microvasculature (small vessels) lead to in diabetes when complicated? |
loss of sensation in foot/foot ulcers |
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what does glucagon (hormone do) |
pancreas releases it when concentration of sugar in blood is too low. causes liver to convert glycogen into glucose. |
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what does insulin do (hormone) |
high blood glucose levels stimulate release of insulin, helps move glucose from blood into cells so can be used as energy source. |
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define autonomy |
cancer cells independant from normal cellular controls- transformation process |
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define anaplasia |
condition of cells wehre there is poor cellular differentation, usually tumor cells |
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4 progression stages of tumor? |
normal, dysplasia (enlargement of organ), insitu neoplasm ,invasive neoplasm |
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Causes of cancer? |
mutation of cell (oncogene whcih proliferate cells, tumour suppressor gene which stop proliferation) loss of tumor suppressor genes (APC AND DCC), angiogenesis, |
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Microbal casues of cancer? |
viruses (HPV- cervical cancer), H.pylori- stomach carcinoma |
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Three cancer compartments? |
a- dividing cells, b- resting cells potentially able to divide, c- cells no longer able to |
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What are the two cell cycle non specific types of chemotherapy? |
alkylating (cyclophosphamade), antibiotic (doxorubicin) |
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what are the two cell cycle specific types of chemo? |
antimetabolites (methotrexate), s phase inhibitors (hydroxyurea), antimitotics (vincristine) |
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What are the two tissue specific hormonal drugs? |
taxoxifen (blocks estrogen), flutamide (blocks adrenogen receptors) |
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Rapidly dividng cells? |
GI, hair loss, bone marrow suprresion (leucopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), organ toxicity |
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what is the angiogensis inhibitor> |
VEGF- vascular endothelial growth facto |
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4 cardio types of drugs? |
alpha antagonists (prazosin), beta blockers, (metoprolol) calcium channel blockers,(nifedipine) diuretics (frusemide) |
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what do positive inotropic drugs do? |
increase force of contraction (dopamine, dobutamine) |
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what do negative inotropic drugs do? (also called sympathamimetic) |
weaken force of muscular contraction (beta blockers) |
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what do posotive chronotropic drugs do? |
increase heart rate by accelerating rate of impulse on SA node (adrenaline) |
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negative chronotropic? |
slow down heart rate- digoxin |
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What can hypertriglericides cause? |
coronary artery disease- plaque build up and narrow artery |
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Two types of heart failure? |
left side- common, left ventricle doesnt pump blood out to body properly right side- difficulty in pumping blood to lungs |
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Treatments for heart failure? |
inotropic drugs (digoxin), antiplatelet (eptifibatide) fibronlytic (TPA), peripheral vasodilators (GTN) |
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Four types of asthma treatments and the drug name? |
bronchodilator (salbutamol, ipotropium bromide) corticosteroids (prednisone) mast cell stabilizer (cromolyn) monocolal antibodies (omalizumab) |
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Patho of emphasyma? |
decreased alvelor surface area, enlragement of airspaces distal to bronchioles |
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what are goblet cells? |
respitory tract, secrete main component of mucous |
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renal overview- hormones? |
erythropoitenon- release in response to hypoxia, stimulate RBC in bone marrow, thats why when renal failure occurs, anemia occurs as E hormone stops working |
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what does pre renal mean? |
inadequate blood supply- can be caused by shock, sepsis, dehydration |
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what does intra renal mean? |
damnage to kidneys, glomulerophritis, anemia/thrombocytopenia- resulting in necrotic tissue |
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what does post renal mean? |
obstruction e.g. renal calcui (kidney stones) |
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what is peptic ulcer disease? |
break in lining of stomach, SI or lower esophagus, casues painful sores |
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cause of peptic ulcer disease? |
primilary H.pylori, weight loss, Nand V, bloating |
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Treatment for peptic ulcer disease? |
antibiotics, hisstamine blockers |
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Benign ulcer and malignant difference? |
benign- smooth, round and deep crater, protrudes beyond gastric contour malignant- rough, does not protrude, irregular and shallow crater |
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Drugs used for GI infrections? |
magnesium, alluminum, ranititine, omeprazole |