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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Verb: Perfect tense requires |
Have/had + en/ed |
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Verb: progressive tense requires |
To be (am was be) + ing |
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Verb: perfect progressive tense requires |
Have/had + to be + ing |
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First person singular (eat) |
I eat |
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Second person singular (eat) |
You eat |
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Third person singular (eat) |
He/she/it eats |
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Third person plural (eat) |
We eat |
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Phoneme |
Smallest unit of sound |
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* |
What follows is not grammatical |
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Recurssion - example |
Embedding another linguistic unit I like the idea that I like chocolate |
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Linguistics |
Scientific study of language |
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Phonetics |
Study of the sound of language |
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Morphology |
Study of the forms of words |
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Linguistic competence vs linguistic performance |
Knowledge vs application |
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Eg verse ie |
Example vs in other words |
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Everyday vs every day |
Common vs all the days |
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Allot vs a lot |
A portion verse a large amount |
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Declarative sentence |
A statement |
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Interagative sentence |
A question |
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Exclamitory sentence |
Exclimation |
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Active verse Passive with example |
Active is subject then object Passive is object then subject Mark hit the ball The ball was hit by mark |
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Universal grammar |
Blueprint that permits movement from general rules of all language to the specific rules of certain language |
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Verb tense example: (simple) present |
I eat. |
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Verb tense example: (simple) past |
I ate |
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Verb tense example: (simple) future |
I will eat |
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Verb tense example: present perfect |
I have eaten |
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Verb tense example: past perfect |
I had eaten |
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Verb tense example: present progressive |
I am eating |
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Verb tense example: past progressive |
I was eating |
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Verb tense example: future progressive |
I will be eating |
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Verb tense example: present perfect progressive |
I have been eating |
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Verb tense example: past perfect progressive |
I had been eating |
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Verb tense example: future perfect progressive |
I will have been eating |
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An adverbial conjunction |
However although |
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Subordinating conjunction |
Because, although |
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What do prepositional phrases end with? |
Noun phrase |
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What is a monothong |
1 sound |
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What is a dipthong |
2 sounds treated as a single sound [f ay t] = f ight |
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Minimal pair: 3 things that make one and example |
1. Same number of sound segments 2. Differ in meaning 3. One phonetic difference [Bat/rat] [sip/whip] |
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Transitive verb with example |
Verb applies directly to object. I [kicked] the ball |
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Intransitive verb |
Verb used in a sentence without an object. I [studied] |
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Accent in this (/) direction |
Primary |
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Accent in (\) direction |
Secondary |
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Hypercorrection |
Miss using word while trying to sound fancy |
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Not only... |
...But also |
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Either.... |
...or |
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Neither... |
...nor |
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Order of phonetic description |
VPM voice place manner |
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Fewer vs Less |
Count vs non-count |
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Many verse much |
Count vs non-count |
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A frame |
Pre-established way of thinking about a particular area of interest Namegame-memorytest-bad |
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Hypocognition |
No word for concept in particular language |
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Tanen -> 2 things language does |
1. Communicates ideas 2. Negotiates relationships |
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Tanen- Why is is problematic to teach someone to speak differently? |
Because we associate ways of speaking with moral qualities. |
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Women downplay Men minimize |
Certainty Dount |
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Lakoff- dem and rep metaphor |
Dem - nuturant Rep - strict father |
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Are languages capitalized? |
yes |
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3 things that comprise an IC |
Subject, verb, complete thought |
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Simple sentence has |
1 IC |
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Complex sentence has |
1 IC and 1+DC |
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Compound complex sentence has |
1+ DC and 2+ IC |
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What is a gerund? How does it function? Example |
Base form of verb + -ing As a noun [Do you mind my (asking) you?] |
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Present participle phrase function and example |
Adjetive [(Trying to impress his boss), the employee worked late each night.] |
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Function of past participle phrase with example |
Adjective [(Washed with soap), the bike shined bright] |
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Infinitive verb |
Base form [to have] |
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Appositive |
Describes noun within commas [The dog, a slender beast, slipped through the crack.] |
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Claus verse phrase |
Claus has verb phrase does not |
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Can semi colons go outside quotes? |
Yes |
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Is a hyphen or dash shorter? |
Hyphen |
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What is a morpheme? |
Smallest unit of meaning in a language [Dog(s)] |
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Homophone |
Pronounced same, spelling same or different
[Bat, bat, to, two, too] |
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Homograph |
Pronounced same or different, spelled the same [bat, bat, dove, dove] |
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Bound morpheme |
Cannot occur alone |
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Free morpheme |
Can stand alone |
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Compounding |
Word made up of two or more roots [Schoolhouse, textbook] |
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Derivational morpheme |
Bound morpheme that can change the meaning of a word [farm farm-er] |
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Inflectional morpheme |
Does not change essential meaning only grammatical function [cat-s] |
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Open vs closed word class |
Grow in number (nouns) vs does not grow (articles) |
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Two categories of bound morphemes |
Affix or root |
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Two categories derivational affixed |
Prefix and suffix |
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Derivational vs inflectional affix |
Prefix or suffix vs suffix only |
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Two categories of free morphemes |
Open or closed |
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Neologisms |
New words |
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Clipping |
Clipping word into shorter version [app from application] |
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Blending |
Shortening two words and compounding them [brunch] |
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Derivation |
Forming a new word by adding derivational affix. Plane vs deplane |
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Backformation |
Creating a word through analogy by removing affix [television- televise] |
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Epynym |
Words formed from peoples names [washington] |
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Relative pronouns used in relative clauses |
Who, whom, whose, which, that |
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4 step process for finding direct object and indirect object |
1. Cross out prep phrase 2. Find verb 3. Ask verb what or whom 4 (i.o only) to/for/when/what |
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A relative claus without a relative pronoun has |
An implied that |
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Verb tense requires that perfect has? Progressive has? And perfect progressive have? |
Perfect = have/had + ed/en Progressive = to be (am was be) + ing Perfect progressive = have/had + to be + ing |
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Types of pronouns |
Personal, reflexive, demonstrative, relative/interrogative, indefinite |
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Personal pronoun |
I, me, mine, you, his, hers, their, theirs |
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Reflexive pronouns |
Self or selves. Myself ourselves |
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Demonstrative pronouns |
This that these those |
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Relative/interrogative pronouns |
(Wh) what which whom whose |
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Indefinite pronouns |
Quantifiers - All anybody each every none some |
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Adverbs modify or describe |
Adj, other adverbs, nouns, complete sentences |
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Correlative conjunction |
Either...or |
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Adverbial conjunction |
Therefore however |
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Subordinating conjunction |
Because allthough |
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Does a restrictive or non restrictive relative claus have commas? |
Non restrictive |
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Trick for personal pronouns |
I am the subject She gave the OBJECT to me I possessed MY pronound |
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Trick for reflexive pronounds |
Self |
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Trick for demonstrative |
Monnnsterious TTTTItties |
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Relative pronouns |
Whelative |
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Indefinite |
How many bodies hit the floor? |
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What can verbal function as |
Nouns adj adverbs |